Impact of CO2-water-coal on enhanced coalbed methane recovery by CO2 injection in Huainan coalfield
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摘要:
CO2驱煤层气封存（CO2-ECBM）是重要的CO2地质利用与地质封存方式，有望破解以淮南煤田为代表的松软、低渗、难抽采煤层煤层气开发效果差、产量衰减快等难题，提高煤层气产量和采收率。CO2注入煤层与煤中无机矿物的地球化学作用可导致煤层孔裂隙结构和渗透性的变化，对煤层CO2封存能力和煤层气增产效果具有显著影响。为此，考虑有效应力、温度及地球化学效应影响下的CO2与CH4竞争吸附、扩散与渗流作用、CO2−水−煤地球化学作用及其影响的煤层孔隙率与渗透率动态演化特征，建立了CO2注入煤储层渗流场−应力场−温度场−化学场全耦合数学模型，开展了淮南煤田CO2-ECBM工程数值模拟研究，分析了地球化学作用条件下，CO2注入煤层增产CH4效果，以及CO2注入压力、初始渗透率和含水饱和度等对CH4增产、CO2封存的影响。结果表明：数学模型与试验结果吻合度较高，CH4、CO2混合气体体积分数及产出速率平均误差为1%～10%；相较于未考虑地球化学作用的情况，模拟周期内CH4累计产量降低11%，CO2累计封存量提升19.8%，表明忽略CO2−水−煤地球化学作用会高估CH4增产效果和低估CO2封存量；注入压力和煤储层初始渗透率越大，CH4增产效果越显著，CO2封存量越大；而高含水饱和度对CH4增产和CO2封存产生不利影响，指示了CO2驱煤层气封存应结合储层性质，优选目标层位，并通过合理设计注入工艺最大化CH4增产和CO2封存效果；CO2−水−煤地球化学作用能够缓解CO2注入导致的储层压力升高，降低裂隙中自由态CO2含量，进而抑制应力−应变效应造成的煤储层渗透率下降，促进渗透率的回升，渗透率回升幅度达2.4%～3.3%，而渗透率回升进一步促进了储层压力传导和CO2吸附、CH4解吸与扩散，从而提升CH4增产和CO2封存效果。
Abstract:CO2-enhanced coalbed methane recovery (CO2-ECBM) is a key method for CO2 geological utilization and sequestration. It holds promise for addressing challenges such as soft, low-permeability coal seams with difficult gas extraction, poor development performance, rapid production decline, and low recovery rates, as exemplified by the Huainan coalfield. The geochemical interactions of CO2 injection into coal seams and inorganic minerals in coal can alter the pore-fracture structure and permeability of the coal, significantly influencing CO2 sequestration capacity and methane production enhancement. Therefore, considering the effects of effective stress, temperature, and geochemical interactions—including competitive adsorption, diffusion, seepage of CO2 and CH4, and CO2-water-coal geochemical interactions, as well as their impact on the dynamic evolution of coal seam porosity and permeability—a fully coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical mathematical model was developed for the seepage-stress-temperature-chemical interactions in CO2-injected coal reservoirs. Numerical simulation studies on CO2-ECBM were conducted for the Huainan coalfield to analyze the effect of geochemical interactions on CH4 production enhancement during CO2 injection, as well as the influence of injection pressure, initial permeability, and water saturation on CH4 production and CO2 sequestration. The results showed a high degree of consistency between the mathematical model and experimental outcomes, with the average error range for CH4 and CO2 mixture volumetric fractions and production rates falling within 1%−10%. Compared to scenarios ignoring CO2-water-coal geochemical interactions, the cumulative CH4 production decreased by 11%, while cumulative CO2 storage increased by 19.8%, indicating that neglecting geochemical interactions could lead to an overestimation of CH4 production and underestimation of CO2 storage capacity. Higher injection pressures and initial permeability of coal reservoirs resulted in more significant CH4 production enhancement and CO2 sequestration, whereas high water saturation adversely affected both processes. These findings suggest that CO2-ECBM should be tailored to reservoir properties, optimizing target layers and injection strategies to maximize CH4 production and CO2 storage. Geochemical interactions were found to alleviate the reservoir pressure increase caused by CO2 injection, reduce the free-state CO2 content in fractures. This, in turn, mitigated permeability decline due to stress-strain effects, promoting permeability recovery by 2.4%−3.3%. The permeability recovery further facilitated pressure transmission, CO2 adsorption, and CH4 desorption/diffusion, ultimately enhancing CH4 production and CO2 sequestration efficiency.
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图 1 CO2-ECBM期间气−水混合物运移过程示意
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of migration process of gas-water mixtures during CO2-ECBM
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图 2 CO2-ECBM多物理场T-H-M-C耦合关系示意
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the T-H-M-C coupling relationships in CO2-ECBM multi-physical field
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图 3 模型验证的几何模型及边界条件
Figure 3. Geometric model and boundary conditions for model validation
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图 4 不同注入压力下出口CH4和CO2体积分数
Figure 4. Volume fractions of CH4 and CO2 at the outlet under different injection pressures
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图 6 CO2-ECBM井网平面布置及几何模型
Figure 6. Planar layout of the CO2-ECBM well pattern and geometric model
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图 10 不同注入压力对CO2-ECBM影响
Figure 10. Effect of different injection pressures on CO2- ECBM
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图 11 不同初始渗透率对CO2-ECBM影响
Figure 11. Effect of different initial permeability on CO2-ECBM
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图 12 不同初始含水饱和度对CO2-ECBM影响
Figure 12. Effect of different initial water saturation on CO2-ECBM
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图 14 储层压力及储层渗透率比值变化（点P）
Figure 14. Variation of reservoir pressure and reservoir permeability (point P)
参数 数值 参数 数值 基质孔隙率 0.06 初始渗透率/m2 1.2×10−17 裂隙孔隙率 0.01 CH4朗格缪尔体积/(m3·t−1) 20 CH4动力黏度/(Pa·s) 1.03×10−5 CH4朗格缪尔压力/MPa 2.07 CO2动力黏度/(Pa·s) 1.38×10−5 CO2朗格缪尔体积/(m3·t−1) 31.4 水动力黏度/(Pa·s) 1.01×10−3 CO2朗格缪尔压力/MPa 1.38 初始水饱和度 0.6 CH4应变系数 0.0128 残余水饱和度 0.42 CO2应变系数 0.0237 
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表 2 数值模拟核心参数
Table 2 Key parameters for numerical simulation
参数 数值 参数 数值 煤体密度ρc/(kg·m−3) 1.47×103 标况下CH4密度ρs1/(kg·m−3) 0.717 初始基质孔隙率ϕm0 0.065 标况下CO2密度ρs2/(kg·m−3) 1.977 初始裂隙孔隙率ϕf0 0.025 初始渗透率k0/m2 3.5×10−16 CH4动力黏度μ1/(Pa·s) 1.34×10−5 CH4朗格缪尔体积常数VL1/(m3·t−1) 25.6 CO2动力黏度μ2/(Pa·s) 1.84×10−5 CH4朗格缪尔压力常数PL1/MPa 2.07 水动力黏度μw/(Pa·s) 1.01×10−3 CO2朗格缪尔体积常数VL2/(m3·t−1) 20.4 CO2溶解热eg2/(kJ·mol−1) 14.12 CO2朗格缪尔压力常数PL2/MPa 1.73 CH4吸附热qst1/(kJ·mol−1) 16.4 CH4朗格缪尔应变系数εL1 0.0128 CO2吸附热qst2/(kJ·mol−1) 19.2 CO2朗格缪尔应变系数εL2 0.0237 煤层初始温度T0/K 308 初始水饱和度sw0 0.7 煤层弹性模量E/GPa 3.033 残余水饱和度swr 0.2 煤骨架弹性模量Es/GPa 5.733 残余气饱和度sgr 0.05 裂隙刚度Kf/(MPa·m−1) 2 800 克林伯格因子bk/MPa 0.76 泊松比ν 0.37 裂隙初始CO2压力pfg20/MPa 0.1 煤比热容Cs/(J·kg−1·K−1) 1350 基质初始CO2压力pmg20/MPa 0.1 水比热容Cw/(J·kg−1·K−1) 4187 裂隙初始CH4压力pfg10/MPa 5 CH4比热容Cg1/(J·kg−1·K−1) 2220 基质初始CH4压力pmg10/MPa 5 CO2比热容Cg2/(J·kg−1·K−1) 844 CH4吸附时间τ1/d 0.221 热膨胀系数αT/K−1 2.4×10−5 CO2吸附时间τ2/d 0.334 温度系数d1/K−1 2.10×10−2 煤体导热系数λs/(W·m−1·K−1) 0.1913 压力系数d2/MPa−1 7.10×10−2 CH4导热系数λg1/(W·m−1·K−1) 0.0301 参考温度Tr/K 300 CO2导热系数λg2/(W·m−1·K−1) 0.0137 CO2亨利系数H2 0.0347 水导热系数λw/(W·m−1·K−1) 0.5987
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表 3 储层中溶液组分初始质量摩尔浓度
Table 3 Initial concentrations of solution components in the reservoir
离子组分 质量摩尔浓度/(mmol·kg−1) 离子组分 质量摩尔浓度/(mmol·kg−1) H+ 4.57×10−6 K+ 0.29 ${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^- $ 4.06 Al3+ 1 ${\mathrm{CO}}_3^{2-} $ 1.40×10−2 Fe2+ 2.67×10−4 Ca2+ 0.32 Mg2+ 4.6
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表 4 储层中初始矿物体积分数
Table 4 Initial volume fractions of minerals in the reservoir
矿物类型 化学式 体积分数 方解石（Calcite） CaCO3 0.171 高岭石（Kaolinite） Al2Si2O5(OH)4 0.089 伊利石（Illite） K0.6Mg0.25Al1.8(Al0.5Si3.5O10)(OH)2 0.012 绿泥石（Chlorite） Mg2.5Fe2.5Al2Si3O10(OH)8 0.016 其他 — 0.712
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表 5 数值模拟具体方案
Table 5 Specific plan for numerical simulation
方案 模型 耦合方式 影响因素 A 模型1：CBM T-H-M 地球化学作用 模型2：CO2-ECBM T-H-M 模型3：CO2-ECBM T-H-M-C B 模型4：注入压力7 MPa T-H-M-C 注入压力 模型5：注入压力8 MPa T-H-M-C 模型6：注入压力9 MPa T-H-M-C C 模型7：初始渗透率0.5×10−15 m2 T-H-M-C 初始渗透率 模型8：初始渗透率1×10−15 m2 T-H-M-C 模型9：初始渗透率1.5×10−15 m2 T-H-M-C D 模型10：初始含水饱和度0.6 T-H-M-C 初始含水饱和度 模型11：初始含水饱和度0.7 T-H-M-C 模型12：初始含水饱和度0.8 T-H-M-C
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