中深部煤层开采对地表生态环境的影响及修复提升途径研究
Study on influence of surface ecological environment caused by middle deep coal mining and the ways of restoration
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摘要: 随着陕北侏罗系煤田持续开发，中深部煤层开采已成为当前和今后的重点，但目前对中深部煤层开采引发的地表生态环境损害尚不明确，且缺乏相应的生态环境修复提升途径研究。以榆神矿区为研究区，以中深部煤层开采典型矿井为研究对象，采用现场调查、理论分析等方法研究了中深部煤层对地表生态环境的影响。研究表明：①中深部煤层开采诱发的地表裂缝发育程度整体较弱，对地表的损害较小，面内裂缝会随着回采以“Ｃ”字型向前扩展，且具有“先开后合” 的单峰活动特征，边界裂缝具有“只开不合”的单趋向活动特征；第四系沙土层中地表裂缝发育深度小于2.5 ｍ，单位长度的深度差异在5～142ｃｍ／ ｍ；② 地表裂缝是影响地表生态环境的主要途径，裂缝不但会增加近地表水资源的下渗量，也会改变土壤水分的分布，减小20ｃｍ 以浅表土层的水分含量，增加40～60ｃｍ 深度区间的土壤水分，同时增加浅部表土层的有机质，使浅部土层由中性变为弱碱性，局部宽大裂缝会造成植被根系断裂、枯萎死亡，而短小裂缝则会增加禾本科植物（羊草）的丰富度；③ 提出了采前“一评两预”、采中“一追一减”、采后“三定一提”的生态环境修复提升体系架构，阐述了其内涵、内容和技术途径；在生态环境修复提升体系的指导下，给出了以自然修复为主的榆神矿区中深部煤层开采地表生态环境修复途径；结合榆神矿区中部生态环境现状，提出了“湿地建造”、“生态农业建设” 以及“观赏园林建设”的生态环境提升途径。研究成果对中深部煤层采动影响区生态修复提升具有参考价值。Abstract: With the development of Jurassic Coalfield in Northern Shaanxi,the middle deep buried coal seam mining mines has become the focus at present and in the future.However,at present,the surface ecological environment damage caused by middle and deep coal seam mining is not clear,and there is a lack of corresponding ecological environment repair and promotion research.Therefore,the typical coal mine mining middle deep coal seam in Yushen Coal Mining Area were taken as the research objects,the method of field investigation and theoretical analysis were adopted to study the influence of middle and deep coal seam on the surface ecological environment.The results show that:The overall characteristics of surface cracks induced by middle and deep coal seam mining are weak,and the damage to the surface is small,and the cracks in working face expand forward in the shape of “C” with the mining,and have the unimodal activity characteristic of “opening first and then closing”,and the boundary cracks have the single trend activity characteristic of “only opening and not matching”.The development depth of surface cracks is less than 2.5 m,and the difference of depth per unit length is in 5～142 cm/m.The surface crack is the main way to affect the surface ecological environment,and the infiltration of near-surface water resources was increased by surface cracks.It also change the distribution characteristics of soil moisture that reducing the water content of 20 cm in the shallow soil layer,increasing the soil moisture in the depth of 40～60 cm.Meanwhile,the organic matter and the pH values in the shallow surface soil layer were increased by surface cracks.The wide cracks caused the vegetation roots to break and wither and die,while the short cracks will increase the richness of the gramineous plant Lemus chinensis.The ecological environment restoration and promotion system framework included “one evaluation and two predictions” before mining,“one pursuit and one reduction” during mining,and “three determinations and one mention” after mining was put forward,and its connotation,contents and technical approaches were expounded.Under the guidance of the ecological environment restoration and promotion system,natural restoration was determined as the main way to restore the surface ecological environment caused by the middle and deep coal seam mining in Yushen Mining Area.Combined with the present situation of ecological environment in the middle of Yushen Mining Area,the ecological environment promotion ways of “wetland construction”,“ecological agriculture construction” and “ornamental garden construction” are put forward and their feasibility is discussed.The research results of this paper have reference value for mining damage reduction and ecological restoration and promotion of middle and deep coal seams.
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