Microbial mineralization combined with vegetation soil stabilization in coal mining subsidence areas
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摘要:
生态脆弱矿区煤炭开采浅表地质环境持续劣化，为了控制塌陷区土体失稳和水土流失，开展采煤塌陷区微生物矿化联合植被固土试验研究。以生态脆弱的榆树湾煤矿20107工作面为研究背景，在采煤沉陷、地裂缝及采动土壤理化观测的基础上，开展了MICP（Microbial Induced Carbonate Precipitation，微生物矿化）对植被影响试验研究，重点测试了MICP固化对植被长势、土壤养分及植被根系长势的影响；开展了MICP联合植被根系对采矿扰动土体剪切强度的影响试验，重点测试了不同根系长度、根系掺入量及菌胶比对土体剪切强度的影响；结合不同工况MICP固化土体扫描电镜观测和MICP碳酸钙产量测试成果，阐释了不同工况塌陷区土体复合固化差异性规律。结果表明：① 采煤对土壤含水率影响最显著，采煤剧烈扰动区（D1）较采煤轻微扰动区（D0）含水率下降7.7%，土壤pH影响不明显，土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷及速效钾质量分数从大到小依次为D0、D2（一般扰动裂缝带区）、D3（一般扰动非裂缝带区）、D1；② MICP对植被生长作用分为2个阶段：1～2周，MICP起到了抑制植被生长的作用，未MICP固化较固化植被平均高度大7.4%～47.7%；3～4周，MICP起到了促进植被生长的作用，未MICP固化较固化植被平均高度小23.7%～32.3%；植被根系长势和土壤理化指标验证了MICP对植被的整体促进作用；③ 根系加入但未MICP固化时，土体黏聚力和内摩擦角分别提升42.1%和10.6%，根系加入且MICP固化时，土体黏聚力和内摩擦角分别提升62.3%和19.4%。两者联合固化的最优参数为：根系长度5～10 cm、根系掺入比0.8%，菌胶比1∶1.5。④ MICP固化过程中碳酸钙产量D1>D2>D3，说明采煤扰动越剧烈，MICP介入固化程度越高。为生态脆弱矿区采煤塌陷区固土工程提供了试验参考。
Abstract:The shallow geological environment of coal mining in ecologically fragile mining areas continues to deteriorate. In order to control soil instability and soil erosion in collapsed areas, experimental research on microbial mineralization combined with vegetation soil stabilization was carried out in coal mining collapsed areas. Based on the ecologically fragile Yushuwan coal mine 20107 working face as the research background, an experimental study was conducted on the impact of MICP on vegetation, specifically testing the effects of MICP solidification on vegetation growth, soil nutrients, and vegetation root growth, based on coal mining subsidence, ground fissures, and physical and chemical observations of mining soil; We conducted an experiment on the influence of MICP combined with vegetation roots on the shear strength of mining disturbed soil, specifically comparing and testing the effects of different root lengths, root dosages, and bacterial gum ratios on soil shear strength; Based on the scanning electron microscopy observation of MICP solidified soil under different working conditions and the results of MICP calcium carbonate production testing, the law of composite restoration of soil in collapsed areas was explained. The research results indicate that: ① Coal mining has the most significant impact on soil moisture content, with a 7.7% decrease in moisture content in the severely disturbed area (D1) compared to the slightly disturbed area (D0). The effect of soil pH value is not significant, while the organic matter content, total nitrogen content, available phosphorus content, and available potassium content in the soil are in descending order: D0, D2 (generally disturbed fractured zone), D3 (generally disturbed non fractured zone), and D1; ② The effect of MICP on vegetation growth can be divided into two stages: in the first stage (1−2 weeks), MICP mainly plays a role in inhibiting vegetation growth. Potted plants without MICP solidification have an average height of 7.4% to 47.7% higher than those with MICP solidification; In the second stage (3−4 weeks), MICP mainly plays a role in promoting vegetation growth. Potted plants without MICP solidification have an average height 23.7%−32.3% lower than those with MICP solidification; The growth of vegetation roots and soil physicochemical indicators verified the promoting effect of MICP on vegetation after 4 weeks; ③ The addition of root system without MICP solidification increased the cohesion and internal friction angle of solidified soil by 42.1% and 10.6%, respectively. The addition of root system with MICP solidification increased the cohesion and internal friction angle of solidified soil by 62.3% and 19.4%, respectively. The optimal parameters for joint solidification of the two are: root length of 5−10 cm, root addition ratio of 0.8%, and bacterial gum ratio of 1∶1.5 During the solidification process of MICP, the production of calcium carbonate D1>D2>D3 indicates that the more severe the coal mining disturbance, the higher the degree of MICP intervention and repair. This study provides experimental reference for soil stabilization engineering in coal mining subsidence areas of ecologically fragile mining areas.
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图 8 不同根系长度复合土样黏聚力
Figure 8. Cohesive force of composite soil samples with different root lengths
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图 9 不同根系长度复合土样内摩擦角
Figure 9. Internal friction angle of composite soil samples with different root lengths
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图 10 不同根系掺入量复合土样黏聚力
Figure 10. Cohesive force of composite soil samples with different root system contents
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图 11 不同根系掺入量复合土样内摩擦角
Figure 11. Internal friction angle of composite soil samples with different root system contents
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图 12 不同菌胶比MICP固化土样黏聚力
Figure 12. Cohesion of MICP solidified soil samples with different bacterial gel ratios
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图 13 不同菌胶比MICP固化土样内摩擦角
Figure 13. Internal friction angle of MICP solidified soil samples with different bacterial gum ratios
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图 14 不同工况土样固化后SEM图
Figure 14. SEM images of solidified soil samples under different working conditions
表 1 采煤扰动区土壤理化特征
Table 1 Physical and chemical characteristics of soil in coal mining disturbance areas
样品组编号 含水率/% pH 有机质质量分数/% 全氮质量分数/% 有效磷质量分数/% 速效钾质量分数/% 扰动分区 D0-1 22.3 8.37 0.18 0.30 0.022 2.04 轻微扰动 D1-1 14.6 8.26 0.16 0.18 0.017 2.37 剧烈扰动 D2-1 16.2 8.34 0.13 0.25 0.022 2.00 一般扰动−裂缝带 D3-1 21.7 8.42 0.14 0.21 0.020 2.23 一般扰动−非裂缝带 
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表 2 MICP联合根系复合固化土样制备共性参数
Table 2 Preparation of common parameters for MICP combined root system composite solidification soil samples
试验组 是否MICP
固化根系长
度/cm根系掺
量/%菌胶质量比
（菌液∶胶结液）备注 1 否 — — — 空白对比组 2 否 <5 0.6 — 根系长度组 5～10 >10 是 <5 0.6 1∶1.5 5～10 >10 3 否 5～10 0.4 — 根系掺入量组 0.6 0.8 是 5～10 0.4 1∶1.5 0.6 0.8 4 是 5～10 0.6 1∶1.0 MICP固化菌
胶比组1∶1.5 1∶2.0
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表 3 不同工况土样个性参数特征
Table 3 Characteristics of personality parameters of soil samples under different working conditions
工况 含水率/% 裂缝深度×长度×宽度/
(cm×cm×cm)裂缝内充填物 D1 14.6 1.0×4.0×0.2 黄土与风积砂1∶1充填 D2 16.2 0.5×2.0×0.1 黄土与风积砂1∶1充填 D3 21.7 — —
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表 4 植被根系发育特征
Table 4 Characteristics of vegetation root development
样品组编号 是否MICP固化 根系平均长度/cm 根系平均直径/mm 根系总质量（鲜重）/g 根系平均拉力/N D1-2 否 11.4±3.76 1.6±0.27 199.8±65.58 87.4±14.67 D2-2 否 12.8±4.22 1.7±0.36 222.4±73.16 88.5±15.62 D3-2 否 11.1±3.33 1.6±0.20 194.6±58.40 87.1±10.62 D1-2MICP 是 13.7±3.58 1.9±0.24 299.4±77.98 97.6±10.98 D2-2MICP 是 14.8±3.62 2.0±0.29 304.9±77.07 99.7±12.07 D3-2MICP 是 13.5±3.42 2.0±0.20 287.6±70.87 96.0±9.84
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表 5 植被种植后土壤理化特征
Table 5 Physical and chemical characteristics of soil after vegetation planting
样品组编号 是否MICP固化 全氮质量分数/% 有效磷质量分数/% 速效钾质量分数/% pH D1-3 否 0.29±0.048 0.016±0.005 1.96±0.27 8.13±0.26 D2-3 否 0.24±0.030 0.017±0.004 1.43±0.32 8.22±0.28 D3-3 否 0.31±0.040 0.017±0.006 1.93±0.59 8.07±0.34 D1-3MICP 是 0.28±0.036 0.028±0.004 1.88±0.48 8.53±0.29 D2-3MICP 是 0.25±0.036 0.026±0.004 1.25±0.48 8.87±0.27 D3-3MICP 是 0.30±0.015 0.030±0.003 1.72±0.13 8.73±0.26
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