Microscopic pore characteristics of coal seam and the controlling effect of sedimentary environment on pore structure in No.8 coal seam of the Ordos Basin
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摘要:
寻找深部煤层气资源分布，亟待查明深部煤储层沉积环境和孔隙分布特征。为此，在开展鄂尔多斯盆地煤岩显微组分、核磁共振孔隙和电镜分析的基础上，查明了煤岩显微组分和孔隙分布特征，评价了鄂尔多斯盆地8号煤的煤沉积环境和孔隙结构特征之间的关系。结果表明：①研究区8煤层煤岩有机显微组分以镜质组为主，成煤早期植物类型应主要为木本植物，后期随着覆水程度增大而逐渐转变为木本+草本混生植物为主；②本溪期8号煤由早期为湿地森林沼泽逐步演化为后期开阔水域沼泽，沼泽水体相对滞留，沼泽环境稳定，利于有机质富集和煤层结构稳定；③研究区8煤大孔占比与结构保存指数（TPI）两者呈正相关，而与凝胶化指数（GI）呈负相关；④基质镜质体发育密集气孔群或稀疏带状气孔群，团块镜质体中发育少量气孔，结构镜质体中发育原始组织孔，多为矿物充填，均质镜质体气孔不发育。研究认为榆林地区煤层孔隙分布受到煤沉积环境和显微组分控制，开阔水域沼泽相的煤层孔隙结构呈现三峰，其中微孔和大孔发育最好，湿地森林沼泽相煤层孔隙结构呈现双峰，微孔发育好，大孔发育较差。
Abstract:To accurately evaluate the distribution and potential of deep coalbed methane resources, it is critical to identify the coal sedimentary and pore distribution characteristics of deep coal reservoirs. Therefore, based on the analysis of coal macerals, nuclear magnetic resonance porosity, and electron microscopy, the characteristics of coal macerals and pore distribution in the Yulin area were identified, as well as the relationship between the coal sedimentary and pore structure characteristics of No.8 coal was evaluated. The results indicated that: ① The organic macerals of No.8 coal seam in the study area were predominantly composed of vitrinite, indicating a predominance of woody plants during the early stages of coal formation. As the degree of water cover increases, it gradually transitions into a mixture of woody and herbaceous plants. ② During the Benxi period, No. 8 coal evolved from an early wetland forest swamp to a later open water swamp with stagnant swamp water, creating a stable environment conducive to organic matter enrichment and coal seam stability. ③ The proportion of macropores in No.8 coal seam was negatively correlated with the structure preservation index (TPI), while it was positively correlated with the gel index (GI). ④ Matrix vitrinite developed dense or sparse banded pores, mass vitrinite developed few pores, and the structure vitrinite developed original tissue pores, mostly filled with minerals, while the homogeneous vitrinite did not develop pores. In conclusion, pore distribution in Yulin's coal seams was controlled by sedimentation and macerals. The pore structure of coal seams in the open water swamp sedimentary presented three peaks, with micropores and macropores developing best, which can simultaneously enrich free gas and adsorbed gas. The pore structure of coal seams in the wetland forest swamp sedimentary presented two peaks, with micropores developing well and macropores developing poorly, mainly enriching adsorbed gas.
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Keywords:
- deep coalbed methane /
- coal sedimentary /
- pore structure /
- coal macerals /
- Ordos basin
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图 2 研究区8号煤宏观煤岩柱状图及样品位置
Figure 2. Macro coal rock bar chart and sample location of No. 8 coal in study area
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图 3 榆林地区8号反射光与荧光条件下煤岩显微组分特征
注：图3a丝质体(F)胞腔呈椭圆−圆状，保存程度较好，充填渗出沥青体(Ex)和黏土矿物；图3b与图3a为同一视域下的荧光图像，渗出沥青体发橘黄色荧光；图3c为基质镜质体(C1)和惰屑体(Id)；图3d与图3c为同一视域下的荧光图像；图3e 为丝质体(F)，胞腔呈椭圆−圆状，保存好，充填渗出沥青体(Ex)和黏土矿物；图3f与图3e为同一视域下的荧光图像，渗出沥青体橘黄色荧光；图3g基质镜质体(C1)和均质镜质体(T2)呈条带式分布；图3h与图3g为同一视域下的荧光图像，渗出沥青体发橘黄色荧光，均质镜质体发出很弱的褐色荧光，惰质体不发荧光；图3i为基质镜质体(C1)胶结惰屑体(Id)和矿物（Ca）； 图3j与图3i为同一视域下的荧光图像，矿物（Ca）呈现浅绿色荧光； 图3k均质镜质体(C1)、结构镜质体(T2)呈条带式展布，胞腔中充填渗出沥青体；图3m与图3k为同一视域下的荧光图像，渗出沥青体发橘黄−黄色荧光。
Figure 3. Microscopic composition characteristics of coal and rock under No. 8 reflected light and fluorescence conditions in Yulin area
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图 5 榆林地区8号煤样核磁共振孔径分布曲线
Figure 5. NMR pore size distribution curve of No. 8 coal sample in Yulin area
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图 9 榆林地区8号煤中常见组分中气泡孔和组织孔
注：图9b为图9a中局部放大（红框）；部分样品基质镜质体(C1)也可见稀疏带状气孔群（图9c、9d），图9d为图9c中局部放大（红框），丝质体(F)中发育植物原始孔隙，多为黏土矿物充填（图9e、9f），图9f为图9e中局部放大（红框）；团块镜质体(C2)中发育少量气孔（图9g、图9h），图9h为图9g中局部放大（红框）；结构镜质体（T1）中发育原始组织孔，充填严重（图9i、图9j），图9j为图9i中局部放大（红框）；均质镜质体（T2）基本看不到气孔（图9k、图9l），图9l为图9k中均质镜质体（T2）局部放大（红框）；BSE为背散射成像模式。
Figure 9. Typical pores and plant tissue pores of No. 8 coal seam in Yulin area
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图 10 榆林地区8号煤大孔−煤相指标关系
Figure 10. Relationship between macropores and coal phase indicators of No. 8 coal in Yulin area
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图 11 榆林地区8号煤成煤沼泽类别与孔隙关系
Figure 11. Classification and pore relationship of coal swamp from No. 8 coal in Yulin area
表 1 榆林地区8号煤储层显微组分与工业分析
Table 1 Microscopic composition and industrial analysis of No. 8 coal reservoir in Yulin area
编号 煤层 井深/m 镜质组/% 惰性组 /% 壳质组/% Ro,max/% Mad/% Aad/% Vad/% FCad/% Gc/(m3·t−1) 井位 M-2 8号煤 2 426.22 47.22 20.48 32.30 1.76 0.65 22.84 12.75 63.76 14.85 M172 M-3 8号煤 2 427.27 50.51 31.96 17.53 1.77 0.98 12.69 12.16 74.17 15.40 M172 M-4 8号煤 2 427.89 65.55 31.76 2.69 1.77 0.65 17.38 15.70 66.27 23.63 M172 M-5 8号煤 2 428.65 54.88 41.13 3.99 1.77 0.65 12.23 11.95 75.17 18.05 M172 M-6 8号煤 2 429.29 59.80 40.20 0 1.83 0.79 21.46 11.81 65.94 21.48 M172 M-7 8号煤 2 429.90 34.15 49.82 16.03 1.77 1.09 11.04 11.54 76.33 20.07 M172 M-8 8号煤 2 430.55 60.20 30.51 9.29 1.76 0.66 42.17 11.93 45.24 22.85 M172 M-9 8号煤 2 431.01 61.18 36.25 2.57 1.76 0.98 35.42 11.88 51.72 12.97 M172 M-10 8号煤 2 431.69 43.59 30.76 25.65 1.76 0.93 16.46 11.89 70.72 17.30 M172 M-11 8号煤 2 432.60 60.76 34.72 4.52 1.76 0.79 19.43 11.96 67.82 22.55 M172 M-12 8号煤 2 433.25 47.31 34.05 18.64 1.74 0.70 17.47 12.84 68.99 17.50 M172 M-13 8号煤 2 434.08 41.45 41.46 17.09 1.75 0.72 17.63 13.13 68.52 16.73 M172 J26-1 5号煤 3 031.44 59.44 31.81 8.75 1.83 0.65 28.86 12.21 58.28 16.93 J26 J26-2 5号煤 3 032.86 28.61 70.71 0.68 1.81 0.73 26.28 12.70 60.29 11.01 J26 J26-3 5号煤 3 033.81 48.59 37.24 14.17 1.75 0.68 27.85 12.53 58.94 9.82 J26 J26-4 6号煤 3 066.10 52.47 36.12 11.41 1.79 0.64 32.44 11.76 55.16 14.59 J26 J26-5 7号煤 3 083.45 58.82 40.13 1.05 1.74 0.77 7.95 9.96 81.32 12.89 J26 J26-6 7号煤 3 094.36 39.58 46.99 13.43 1.76 0.68 38.29 9.17 51.86 16.93 J26 J26-7 8号煤 3 101.17 51.36 39.79 8.85 1.73 0.89 9.66 10.09 79.36 15.25 J26 J26-8 8号煤 3 110.14 37.07 38.13 24.80 1.73 0.69 26.28 10.25 62.78 — J26 Y-M1 8号煤 4 101.00 95.80 0.30 0.60 1.65 0.65 11.23 14.34 73.78 — L14 Y-M2 8号煤 2 737.26 95.40 0 3.80 1.75 0.64 11.44 14.04 73.88 — S121 Y-M3 8号煤 2 508.45 92.90 3.10 0 1.63 0.68 5.66 11.32 82.34 — Y17 Y-M4 8号煤 2 509.60 81.00 13.90 0 1.86 0.45 7.44 15.40 76.71 — Y17 Y-M5 8号煤 2 230.34 92.10 1.80 0.10 1.56 0.65 12.23 12.43 74.69 — M46 Y-M6 8号煤 2 942.02 95.40 0.50 3.20 1.58 0.76 7.11 11.34 80.79 — S360 Y-M7 8号煤 2 472.60 96.00 1.40 0.20 1.66 0.87 6.44 14.49 78.2 — S125 Y-M8 8号煤 2 506.02 96.60 0.70 0.20 1.64 0.97 5.90 14.95 78.18 — Y88 Y160-1 8号煤 2 670.00 75.50 17.70 6.80 1.87 0.78 11.23 15.64 72.35 — Y160 Y160-2 8号煤 2 720.00 71.20 28.60 0.20 1.85 0.73 13.42 16.75 69.10 — Y160 Y160-3 8号煤 2 770.00 67.10 31.90 1.00 1.86 0.94 12.64 17.54 68.88 — Y160 Y160-4 8号煤 2 820.00 66.50 24.51 8.99 1.85 0.84 10.40 15.50 73.26 — Y160 注：Ro,max为油浸下镜质体最大反射率；Gc为含气量。 
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表 2 榆林地区8号煤主要煤相参数
Table 2 Main coal facie parameters of No. 8 coal in Yulin area
编号 煤层 井深/m 镜质组/% 惰性组/% 壳质组/% GI TPI V/I F/% D/% T/% F/M GWI VI 井号 M-1 8号煤 2425.45 60.62 31.09 8.29 2.79 0.46 1.90 22.90 66.99 10.11 0.30 0.04 0.67 M172 M-2 8号煤 2426.22 47.22 20.48 32.30 6.12 0.35 2.30 6.94 81.60 11.46 0.07 0.43 0.47 M172 M-3 8号煤 2427.27 50.51 31.96 17.53 2.95 0.34 1.60 18.90 76.29 4.81 0.42 0.33 0.50 M172 M-4 8号煤 2427.89 65.55 31.76 2.69 5.29 0.22 2.10 11.49 83.10 5.41 0.23 0.45 0.27 M172 M-5 8号煤 2428.65 54.88 41.13 3.99 2.11 1.15 1.30 27.28 48.48 24.24 1.31 0.35 1.61 M172 M-6 8号煤 2429.29 59.80 40.20 0.00 3.17 0.56 1.50 18.58 63.51 17.91 0.66 0.53 0.81 M172 M-7 8号煤 2429.90 34.15 49.82 16.03 1.32 0.40 0.70 30.66 67.94 1.40 0.73 0.33 0.93 M172 M-8 8号煤 2430.55 60.20 30.51 9.29 2.61 0.44 2.00 22.45 56.47 21.08 0.85 0.74 1.08 M172 M-9 8号煤 2431.01 61.18 36.25 2.57 8.55 0.19 1.70 6.22 82.78 11.00 0.25 0.85 0.33 M172 M-10 8号煤 2431.69 43.59 30.76 25.65 5.36 0.00 1.40 7.69 92.31 0.00 0.13 0.45 0.17 M172 M-11 8号煤 2432.60 60.76 34.72 4.52 7.97 0.19 1.80 4.51 85.77 9.72 0.20 0.02 0.26 M172 M-12 8号煤 2433.25 47.31 34.05 18.64 1.86 1.37 1.40 26.17 51.25 22.58 1.62 0.54 1.86 M172 M-13 8号煤 2434.08 41.45 41.46 17.09 1.85 1.12 1.00 26.91 53.82 19.27 1.30 0.64 1.92 M172 J26-1 5号煤 3031.44 59.44 31.81 8.75 3.73 0.14 1.90 15.73 84.27 0.00 0.22 0.56 0.25 J26 J26-2 5号煤 3032.86 28.61 70.71 0.68 0.40 3.52 0.40 69.03 29.96 1.01 4.00 0.70 4.00 J26 J26-3 5号煤 3033.81 48.59 37.24 14.17 2.46 0.58 1.30 23.05 68.08 8.87 0.73 0.09 0.89 J26 J26-4 6号煤 3066.10 52.47 36.12 11.41 2.38 0.85 1.50 22.05 56.28 21.67 0.97 0.43 1.25 J26 J26-5 7号煤 3083.45 58.82 40.13 1.05 2.72 0.79 1.50 23.18 52.95 23.87 1.03 0.54 1.30 J26 J26-6 7号煤 3094.36 39.58 46.99 13.43 1.64 0.36 0.80 29.68 70.32 0.00 0.57 0.43 0.72 J26 J26-7 8号煤 3101.17 51.36 39.79 8.85 2.34 1.05 1.30 23.81 51.02 25.17 1.20 0.50 1.80 J26 J26-8 8号煤 3110.14 37.07 38.13 24.80 1.25 1.26 1.00 28.68 57.33 13.99 1.38 0.40 1.63 J26 Y-M1 8号煤 4101.00 55.80 43.60 0.60 2.56 1.56 1.30 24.47 22.30 53.23 2.32 0.12 2.54 L14 Y-M2 8号煤 2737.26 55.40 40.80 3.80 3.20 1.57 1.40 35.12 19.54 45.34 1.43 0.63 3.54 S121 Y-M3 8号煤 2508.45 62.90 37.10 0.00 3.42 1.98 1.70 18.23 25.33 56.44 1.42 0.54 3.75 Y17 Y-M4 8号煤 2509.60 81.20 18.80 0.00 2.65 1.43 4.30 25.81 16.65 57.54 1.53 0.43 3.98 Y17 Y-M5 8号煤 2230.34 74.30 25.60 0.10 2.55 2.53 2.90 31.12 16.45 52.43 1.43 0.43 4.63 M46 Y-M6 8号煤 2942.02 75.40 21.40 3.20 3.44 2.43 3.50 37.24 17.54 45.22 1.63 0.54 4.86 S360 Y-M7 8号煤 2472.60 76.40 23.40 0.20 2.95 2.45 3.30 45.12 19.54 35.34 0.54 0.89 4.65 S125 Y-M8 8号煤 2506.02 74.40 25.40 0.20 2.85 2.64 2.90 46.92 17.44 35.64 0.55 0.43 5.54 Y88 Y160-1 8号煤 2670.00 75.50 43.60 6.80 2.57 1.87 4.30 2.80 23.20 74.00 0.43 0.43 5.74 Y160 Y160-2 8号煤 2720.00 71.20 43.60 0.20 2.85 2.53 2.50 7.80 21.00 71.20 0.54 0.85 5.34 Y160 Y160-3 8号煤 2770.00 67.10 43.60 1.00 2.60 2.75 2.10 14.70 18.20 67.10 0.53 0.22 4.54 Y160 Y160-4 8号煤 2820.00 66.50 43.60 8.99 2.75 2.95 2.70 16.90 16.60 66.50 0.64 0.53 3.23 Y160 注：GI为凝胶化指数；TPI为结构保存指数；V/I为镜惰比；T、F、D分别为结构镜质体、丝质体、分散组分体积分数；F/M为骨基比；GWI为地下水活跃指数；VI为植被指数。
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表 3 榆林地区与邻区8号煤储层参数对比
Table 3 Comparison of reservoir parameters of No. 8 coal in Yulin area and neighboring areas
地区 深度/m 镜质组
体积分数/%惰性组
体积分数/%壳质组
体积分数/%Ro,max/% Mad/% Aad/% Vad/% FCad/% 来源 榆林地区 2 500～3 200 52.22 35.26 12.53 1.77 0.80 20.52 12.46 66.22 本文测试 大宁—吉县地区 1 200～2 300 84.22 10.26 5.52 2.15 0.79 17.97 10.17 71.07 文献[31] 延川南地区 1 500～1 800 71.28 27.62 1.10 2.35 0.61 8.94 13.78 76.68 文献[18,20,26] 保德地区 1 000～1 200 75.03 24.04 0.93 1.11 0.81 7.92 13.30 77.97 文献[31]
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