Impacts of vegetation restoration type on abundant and rare microflora inreclaimed soil of open-pit mining area
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摘要:
植被恢复可促进重构土壤发育，调控生物地球化学循环和发挥生态系统功能。因此深入研究露天矿区植物恢复下土壤丰富和稀有微生物类群变化对改善矿区生态环境至关重要。采集内蒙古准格尔旗黑岱沟露天矿东排土场裸地（CK）、苜蓿（GL）、沙棘（BL）、油松（CF）、杨树（BF）和杨树＋油松（MF）6种复垦样地土壤，利用高通量测序、共现网络和相关性分析等探测植被类型对土壤丰富、稀有细菌和真菌群落结构组成和多样性的影响机制。结果表明：①不同植被恢复类型对土壤理化性质和酶活性影响存在显著性差异（P< 0.05），有机质（SOM）、铵态氮（AN）和亮氨酸氨基肽酶（LAP）酶活性等均显著高于CK。BL对土壤SOM、硝态氮（NN）和有效磷（AP）积累有优势，显著提高了脲酶（URE）、LAP和碱性磷酸酶（ALP）酶活性（P< 0.05）。②植被类型显著影响了土壤丰富和稀有微生物群落结构组成（P< 0.05），丰富和稀有细菌种类多于真菌，但真菌丰度变化更为显著，尤其是稀有真菌。不同植被恢复类型的丰富和稀有细菌，及稀有真菌群落Shannon指数高于CK，且与CK的群落结构间存在显著差异（P< 0.05）。③不同植被恢复类型均提高了丰富和稀有细菌、真菌的网络拓扑参数和复杂度。移除节点改变自然连通性的幅度测试结果表明BL增强了土壤丰富细菌、丰富和稀有真菌网络的稳定性和对外界干扰的抵抗力。④土壤URE、SOM和ALP是土壤微生物群落结构变化的主导因子。BL处理组中pH、SOM、AP、BG（β-葡萄糖苷酶）、URE和ALP均显著影响丰富和稀有微生物群落（P< 0.05）。综上认为，BL恢复模式对矿区复垦土壤质量改善效果更好，研究结果可为植被修复受损矿山复垦土壤及微生物资源的开发利用提供理论依据。
Abstract:Vegetation restoration is crucial for improving the ecological environment of mining areas, which could promote the development of reconstructed soil, thus regulating biogeochemical cycles, and exerting ecosystem functions. Therefore, it is essential and necessary to conduct in-depth research on the impact of vegetation restoration on soil microbial communities in open-pit mining areas. In this study, surface soil samples were collected from six typical reclamation plots, including bare land (CK),Medicago sativa(GL),Hippophae rhamnoides(BL),Pinus tabulaeformis(CF),Populus tomentosa(BF), andPopulus tomentosa+Pinus tabulaeformis(MF), located in the eastern waste dump of Heidaigou mining area of Zhungeer Banner, Inner Mongolia. High throughput sequencing, co-occurrence networks, and correlation analysis were used to explore the influential mechanism of vegetation types on soil abundant, rare bacterial and fungal community structural composition and diversity. Results showed that ① there were significant differences in the effects of different vegetation restoration types on soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activity (P<0.05). The soil organic matter content, ammonium nitrogen content, and leucine aminopeptidase activity were significantly higher than those of CK. BL performed the advantage in accumulating soil organic matter, nitrate nitrogen, and available phosphorus, while the urease, leucine aminopeptidase, and alkaline phosphatase activities were significantly increased (P<0.05). ② The vegetation type has significantly affected the composition of soil abundant and rare microbial communities (P<0.05), with more abundant and rare bacterial species than fungi, whereas the variation of fungal abundance was more significant, especially the rare fungi. The Shannon index of abundant and rare bacteria, and rare fungal communities in different vegetation restoration plots was higher than that in CK, while their community structures presented the significant differences (P<0.05). ③ Different vegetation restoration types have increased the network topology parameters and complexity of abundant and rare bacteria and fungi. The amplitude test results of removing nodes to change natural connectivity indicated that BL could enhance the stability of soil abundant bacterial network, abundant and rare fungal networks, as well as their resistance to external interferences. ④ Soil URE, SOM, and ALP were the dominant factors for changes of soil microbial community structure. For the BL plot, the pH value, SOM, AP, β- Glucosidase, URE, and ALP have significantly affected the abundant and rare microbial communities (P<0.05). In a word, the BL restoration model performed a better effect on improving soil quality during the ecological reclamation process in mining areas. The research results can provide theoretical basis for the development and utilization of soil microbial resources for vegetation restoration in the damaged mining areas.
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Keywords:
- vegetation restoration /
- abundant bacteria /
- rare bacteria /
- abundant fungi /
- rare fungi /
- co-occurrence network
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图 2 不同处理组土壤理化性质以及土壤酶活性变化
注：不同小写字母代表处理间差异达到P < 0.05显著水平。
Figure 2. Changes of soil physicochemical properties and soil enzyme activities in different treatment groups
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图 3 不同处理组丰富和稀有群落的优势门分布
Figure 3. Dominant phylum distribution of rich and rare communities in different treatment groups
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图 5 不同处理组土壤细菌、真菌β多样性
Figure 5. β diversity of soil bacteria and fungi in different treatment groups
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图 6 不同植被类型细菌与真菌微生物共现网络图
Figure 6. Co-occurrence network of bacteria and fungi in different vegetation types
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图 7 不同植被类型微生物自然连通性与移除节点比例之间的关系
注：鲁棒性分析显示为微生物自然连通性与去除节点比例之间的关系。斜率b来自拟合直线（Y = a + bX），R2显示了皮尔逊的r值。
Figure 7. Relationship between natural connectivity of microorganisms and the proportion of removed nodes in different vegetation types
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图 8 不同植被类型土壤理化性质、酶活性与丰富、稀有细菌与真菌分类群群落结构相关性
注：土壤理化性质、酶活性与微生物群落组成的相关性线宽对应部分Mantel的r值，线颜色表示基于999排列的统计显著性。土壤理化、酶活性与土壤微生物群落结构的相关性用Pearson相关系数的颜色梯度表示。
Figure 8. Soil physical and chemical properties, enzyme activities and community diversity of abundant, rare bacteria and fungi were correlated with different vegetation types
表 1 不同植被恢复模式土壤细菌共现网络的拓扑属性
Table 1 Topological properties of soil bacteria co-occurrence networks in different vegetation restoration modes
网络属性 节点数 连接数 网络度 网络中心紧密性 平均路径长度 网络直径 相对模块化程度 细菌 CK 丰富 112 442 14 0.43 4.36 13 0.64 稀有 172 893 38 0.63 4.60 14 0.59 GL 丰富 140 471 16 0.21 4.79 11 0.67 稀有 279 1771 62 0.43 3.67 12 0.55 BL 丰富 167 633 24 0.45 5.39 12 0.52 稀有 317 1 878 74 0.64 3.72 8 0.53 CF 丰富 134 545 15 0.53 4.36 12 0.62 稀有 258 1471 49 0.61 3.70 9 0.54 BF 丰富 138 601 16 0.58 4.03 12 0.58 稀有 267 1783 41 0.51 3.53 9 0.49 MF 丰富 139 588 16 0.46 3.75 11 0.56 稀有 273 1 973 54 0.49 3.67 11 0.47 
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表 2 不同植被恢复模式土壤真菌共现网络的拓扑属性
Table 2 Topological properties of soil fungi co-occurrence networks in different vegetation restoration modes
网络属性 节点数 连接数 网络度 网络中心紧密性 平均路径长度 网络直径 相对模块化程度 真菌 CK 丰富 64 124 7 0.45 2.54 4 0.81 稀有 102 243 26 0.56 2.15 7 0.82 GL 丰富 77 128 7 0.41 2.01 5 0.77 稀有 109 338 31 0.44 2.06 7 0.88 BL 丰富 92 183 11 0.55 4.79 11 0.76 稀有 280 1490 58 0.64 5.20 13 0.83 CF 丰富 72 174 8 0.41 2.15 5 0.78 稀有 129 379 42 0.57 3.93 12 0.83 BF 丰富 83 141 9 0.58 2.15 5 0.78 稀有 218 932 41 0.46 4.73 12 0.82 MF 丰富 74 174 7 0.52 5.01 12 0.78 稀有 240 1008 45 0.61 4.83 11 0.87
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