Research progress and prospect of coal gangue slurry backfilling technology in goaf
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摘要:
煤矸石浆体充填是一种低干扰条件下矸石无害化规模处置的重要技术手段，是实现煤炭绿色开采的重要途径之一，符合国家绿色发展理念。但针对浆体充填材料制备缓存、浆体长距离输送及采空区充填处置等方面的研究仍不完善，部分问题的研究尚属空白，严重制约浆体充填技术在煤矸石固废处置领域的发展。通过近年来研究，煤矸石浆体充填在基础理论及关键技术均取得了大量的成果。文章系统性地梳理了多种煤矸石充填固废处置技术及其发展历程，总结了其适用性及优缺点，阐述了浆体充填诞生的技术背景及科学内涵，明确了浆体充填关键技术与工艺原理。从大规模推广应用角度出发，总结了浆体材料精准制备与流变特性、矸石浆体长距离管输特征、采空区空隙空间浆体介入规律3项关键科学问题，围绕以上关键科学问题，重点开展了精准制浆技术、管道输送技术、浆体多位充填技术等方面的研究。分析了多因素耦合条件矸石浆体流变特性，揭示了矸石浆体成浆机理，构建了矸石浆体精准制备模型，提出了矸石浆体管道输送关键参数确定方法，总结了高位、低位、邻位3种形式的浆体流动扩散规律，进而指导浆体充填工程实践。在以上研究基础上，分析了浆体充填技术当前研究的不足及未来研究的重点难度，并对“双碳”背景下煤矸石浆体充填技术的发展趋势进行了展望，认为以下3个方向是今后研究的重点：①矿化CO2制备负碳浆体技术；②基于MICP技术的浆体重构岩层技术；③浆体置换难采煤体流态化开采技术。
Abstract:Coal gangue slurry backfilling is an important technical means of harmless large-scale disposal of gangue under low disturbance conditions, and is one of the important ways to achieve green coal mining, in line with the national green development concept. But for the preparation, long-distance transportation, and goaf disposal of the slurry backfilling material and other aspects of the research is still imperfection, part of the problem of research is still blank, seriously restricting the development of slurry backfilling technology in the field of coal gangue solid waste disposal. Through recent years, coal gangue slurry backfilling in the basic theory and key technology has made a lot of results. The article systematically composes a variety of coal gangue backfilling solid waste disposal technology and its development history, summarizes its applicability and advantages and disadvantages, elaborates the technical background and scientific connotation of the birth of slurry backfilling, and clarifies the key technology and process principle of slurry backfilling. From the perspective of large-scale promotion and application, the three key scientific issues of precise preparation and rheological characteristics of slurry backfilling materials, long-distance pipeline transport characteristics of gangue slurry, spatial dynamic evolution of goaf and the law of slurry intervention have been summarized, and research on precise slurry production technology, pipeline transport technology, and multi-position backfilling technology of slurry has been focused around the above key scientific issues. The rheological characteristics of gangue slurry under multi-factor coupling conditions are analyzed, the mechanism of gangue slurry formation is revealed, the precise preparation model of gangue slurry is constructed, the determination method of key parameters of gangue slurry pipeline transportation is proposed, and the flow and diffusion laws of three forms of slurry-high, low and adjacent are summarized, which in turn to guide the slurry backfilling engineering practice. Based on the above research, the shortcomings and the focus of the future research of the current research on slurry backfilling technology are analyzed, and the development trend of coal gangue slurry backfilling technology under the background of Dual Carbon has prospected, and the following three directions are considered to be the focus of future research: ①mineralized CO2 preparation of carbon-negative slurry technology; ②slurry reconstruction rock layer technology based on MICP technology; ③slurry replacement fluidized mining technology for hard-to-mine coal bodies.
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Keywords:
- coal gangue /
- solid waste backfilling /
- slurry backfilling /
- gob backfilling /
- backfilling mining
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图 1 2011—2021年我国矸石排放量及增长率
Figure 1. Waste discharge and growth rate in China from 2011 to 2021
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图 2 2021—2022年我国各省份原煤及煤矸石产量
Figure 2. Output of coal and gangue in China’s provinces from 2021−2022
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图 3 煤矸石井下充填发展历程及优缺点
Figure 3. Development process history and advantages and disadvantages of underground backfilling with coal gangue
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图 4 煤矸石浆体充填技术框架
Figure 4. Development process of underground backfilling with coal gangue
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图 5 浆体充填技术工艺原理
Figure 5. Principle and backfilling method of slurry backfilling technology
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图 9 各样本的真实值和预测值对比
Figure 9. Comparison between real value and predicted value of each sample
表 1 输送阻力计算经验公式统计
Table 1 Statistics of empirical formula for conveying resistance calculation
来源 公式 适用对象 参数 Druand（1950）[33] ${i_{\rm{m} } } = {i_{\rm{w} } } + 82C{i_{\rm{w} } }{\left[ {\dfrac{ {v_{\rm{m}}^2\sqrt { {C_D} } } }{ {gD(S - 1)} } } \right]^{ - 1.5} }$ 浆体；基于重力理论及大量试验结果得到 共同参数：
${i}_{{\rm{m}}}$为总阻力损失；${C}$为浓度；$ {i}_{{\rm{w}}} $为水流阻力损失；${D}$为管径；$ {v}_{{\rm{m}}} $为平均速度；$ {\rho }_{{\rm{m}}} $为平均密度；${g} $为重力加速度；${d}$为粒径；${s}$为固液相密度比；
独有参数：
$ {C}_{{\rm{D}}} $为阻力系数；$ \Delta i $为不完全悬移增阻率；$ {i}_{{\rm{b}}} $为不悬浮时阻力；$ {i}_{{\rm{s}}} $为完全悬浮时阻力；$ \Delta {p}_{{\rm{u}}} $，$ \Delta {p}_{{\rm{d}}} $为等长上升管和下降管的压降值；$ R $为成层比率；$ {i}_{{\rm{mh}}} $，$ {i}_{{\rm{ms}}} $为悬移、层移阻力梯度；$ A $，$ B $为与流体阻力、机械阻力有关的无量纲系数；$ {S}_{{\rm{m}}} $为混合物相对密度；$ f $为液相摩阻系数；$ \omega $为颗粒沉降速度；$ \xi $为附加相对压力梯度；$ i $为活塞流阻力梯度；$ {\mu }_{{\rm{s}}} $为机械滑动系数；${C}_{{\rm{i}}}$为当地体积浓度；$ \gamma $为颗粒碰撞能耗。Newitt D M（1961）[34] ${i_{\rm{m} } } = {i_{\rm{w} } } + 1\;100C{i_{\rm{w} } }(S - 1)\dfrac{ { {v_{\rm{t} } }gD} }{ {v_{\rm{m} }^2} }$ 浆体；根据条件不同，系数会发生变化 戴继岚（1985）[35] $\Delta i = \dfrac{ { {i_{\rm{b} } } - {i_{\rm{s} }} } }{ { {i_{\rm{s} } } } }$，其中${i_{\rm{s} } } = \dfrac{ {\Delta {p_{\rm{n}}} - \Delta {p_{\rm{d}}} } }{ {2{\rho _{\rm{m} } }g} }$ 粗颗粒；$ d > $0.2 mm；基于试验得到 Wlison K C（1990）[36] ${i_{\rm{m}}} = R{i_{{\rm{ms}}} } + (1 - R){i_{{\rm{mh}}} }$
其中，${i_{{\rm{mh}}} } = {i_{\rm{w}}}\left[ {1 + A({S_{\rm{m}}} - 1)} \right]$
${i_{{\rm{ms}}} } = {i_{\rm{w}}} + B({S_{\rm{m}}} - 1)$最大粒径不超过2.5 mm的浆体；试验、理论相结合 陈广文（1994）[36] $\begin{gathered} {i_{\rm{m}}} = \dfrac{ {2fv_{\rm{m}}^2} }{ {gD} } + C(S - 1)\dfrac{w}{ { {v_{\rm{m}}} } } + \\ \dfrac{ {d{v_{\rm{m}}}C} }{ { {D^2}{ {(1 - C/{C_{\rm{m}}})}^{2.5C} } } } \\ \end{gathered}$ 浆体；理论分析为主，讨论阻力损失的组成 Sundqvist A（1996）[37] ${i_{\rm{m}}} = \xi i + {i_{\rm{w}}}$
其中，$i = 2{\mu _{\rm{s}}}(S - 1)C$浆体；理论推导为主，结合数据验证 夏建新（2002）[38] ${i_{\rm{m} } } = {i_{\rm{w} } } + {C_{\rm{i}}}(S - 1) + \dfrac{\gamma }{ { {\rho _{\rm{m} } }g} }$ 粗颗粒；理论推导为主，结合数据验证 
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