New energy exploitation in coal-endowed areas under the target of “double carbon”: a new path for transformation and upgrading of coal mines in the future
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摘要:
“双碳”目标下我国能源结构正加速转型升级，以太阳能、风能、地热能等为代表的新能源正逐步替代传统煤、油、气等化石能源。推动煤炭和新能源优化组合是实现“双碳”目标提出的新要求，也是未来煤矿绿色低碳转型的重要路径。分析我国赋煤区能源分布特点，发现以煤为主的化石能源分布区域，往往也是太阳能、风能、热能等新能源富集区，适宜于在赋煤区大规模开发新能源。研究结果如下：① 提出了赋煤区全生命周期能源开发理念，将赋煤区能源发展历程划分为煤炭、煤炭与新能源优化组合、新能源3个阶段，并搭建了赋煤区新能源开发总体框架；② 在太阳能开发方面，基于赋煤区与太阳能资源富集区的重叠关系对赋煤区太阳能理论储量与开发潜力进行评估，提出了分布式/集中式光伏发电、太阳能热利用和太阳能制氢等光化利用耦合的太阳能分级综合利用方案，实现太阳能多元高效转化与利用以及与煤炭资源的协同开采；③ 在地热能开发方面，基于赋煤区与地热能资源富集区的重叠关系对赋煤区地热能开发潜力进行评估，结合矿井地热形成机理、分布规律和矿井采掘情况，构建深部矿产资源与地热资源协同开发系统，形成包含矿井热水型、岩温型、混合型的矿井地热能分级开采与热用户梯级利用的综合应用方案，实现矿井地热化“害”为“利”的战略转移；④ 在风能开发方面，基于赋煤区与风能资源富集区的重叠关系对赋煤区风能开发潜力进行评估，提出赋煤区风力发电、风力提水、风力致热技术的应用途径，构建了井上井下设施电力供应、水循环动力、供暖自足以及并网发电的风能利用框架；⑤ 考虑到目前煤炭地下开采普遍以垮落法管理顶板，垮落空间无法有效用于地下储能，提出“储能库超前规划→功能性储能库构筑→储释能运行管控”的矿井采空区储能技术路径；⑥ 针对赋煤区多能互补综合能源系统（MCIES）复杂多变特征，建立了赋煤区能源生产、供给单元的异质能量流耦合模型，统一了MCIES内部不同能源集线器的数学表达式，提出了赋煤区MCIES能源管理与优化逻辑方法以及运营模式。旨在探讨煤炭和新能源的组合路径，论证赋煤区规模化开发新能源可行性，赋予赋煤区全生命周期能源供给的功能，形成集“矿—风—光—热—储”一体化的煤炭企业能源产业发展新模式。
Abstract:Under the “dual carbon” goal, China’s energy structure is accelerating transformation and upgrading, and new energy represented by solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy is gradually replacing traditional coal, oil, gas and other fossil energy. Promoting the optimal combination of coal and new energy is a new requirement for achieving the “double carbon” goal, and also an important path for the green and low-carbon transformation of coal mines in the future. Based on the analysis of the energy distribution characteristics of coal-endowed areas in China, it is found that the fossil energy distribution areas dominated by coal are often also areas rich in solar energy, wind energy, thermal energy and other new energy, which are suitable for large-scale development of new energy in in coal-endowed areas. The research results are as follows: ① Put forward the concept of full life cycle energy development in coal-endowed areas, divide the energy development process in coal-endowed areas into three stages: coal, coal and new energy optimization combination, and new energy, and build a general framework for new energy development in coal-endowed areas; ② In terms of solar energy development, the theoretical reserves and development potential of solar energy in the mining area are evaluated based on the overlapping relationship between the coal occurrence and the solar energy resource rich area, and a hierarchical comprehensive utilization scheme of solar energy coupled with photochemical utilization, such as distributed/centralized photovoltaic power generation, solar thermal utilization and solar hydrogen production, is proposed to achieve diversified and efficient conversion and utilization of solar energy and collaborative mining with coal resources; ③ In terms of geothermal energy development, the potential of geothermal energy development in coal-endowed areas is evaluated based on the overlapping relationship between the coal bearing area and the geothermal energy resource rich area. In combination with the formation mechanism, distribution law and mining situation of the mine geothermal, a collaborative development system of deep mineral resources and geothermal resources is established to form a comprehensive application scheme for the graded mining of mine geothermal energy and the cascade utilization of thermal users, including the hot water type, rock temperature type and mixed type of the mine, realizing the strategic transfer of “harm” to “benefit” of mine geothermal; ④ In terms of wind energy development, the potential of wind energy development in the mining area is evaluated based on the overlapping relationship between the coal occurrence and the wind energy resource rich area, and the application approaches of wind power generation, wind water lifting, and wind heating technologies in the coal bearing area are proposed, and the wind energy utilization framework for power supply, water cycle power, heating self-sufficiency, and grid connected power generation of underground and underground facilities is constructed; ⑤ Considering that the roof is generally managed by the caving method in the current underground coal mining, and the caving space cannot be effectively used for underground energy storage, a technical path of energy storage in the goaf of the mine is proposed, which is “advanced planning of energy storage reservoir → construction of energy storage reservoir using functional backfilling→ Energy storage and release operation control”; ⑥ In view of the complex and changeable characteristics of multi energy complementary integrated energy system (MCIES) in coal-endowed areas, a heterogeneous energy flow coupling model of energy production and supply units in coal-endowed areas is established, the mathematical expressions of different energy hubs in MCIES are unified, and the energy management and optimization logic method and operation mode of MCIES in coal-endowed areas are proposed. This paper aims to explore the combination path of coal and new energy, demonstrate the feasibility of large-scale development of new energy in coal-endowed areas, endow coal bearing areas with the function of energy supply in the whole life cycle, and form a new mode of energy industry development of coal enterprises integrating “mine-wind-light-heat-storage”.
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图 1 典型煤矿全生命周期能源开发理念
Figure 1. Concept of full life cycle energy development in typical coal mines
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图 2 煤炭与新能源协同开发框架示意
Figure 2. Schematic framework of coal and new energy collaborative development
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图 3 我国赋煤区与太阳能总辐射资源分布
Figure 3. Distribution of coal-endowed areas and total solar radiation resources in China
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图 4 煤炭储量排名前10省(自治区)相应太阳能资源储量
Figure 4. Corresponding solar energy resource reserves of top 10 provinces in terms of coal reserves
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图 5 赋煤区太阳能综合利用示意
Figure 5. Schematic of the comprehensive utilization system of solar energy in coal-endowed areas
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图 6 全国地热能与煤矿资源富集区重叠关系
Figure 6. The overlapping relationship between geothermal energy and coal resource rich areas in China
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图 7 赋煤区地热能综合利用示意
Figure 7. Schematic of the comprehensive utilization system of geothermal energy in coal-endowed areas
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图 8 我国风能与煤矿资源富集区重叠关系
Figure 8. The overlap of rich area of wind energy and coal mine resources
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图 9 赋煤区风能综合利用示意
Figure 9. Schematic of the comprehensive utilization system of wind energy in coal-endowed areas
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图 11 矿井储能库充填构筑
Figure 11. Construction of coal mine energy storage using functional backfill
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图 13 赋煤区典型能源的能量流耦合模型
Figure 13. Energy flow coupling model of typical energy in coal-endowed areas
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图 15 赋煤区MCIES能源调配优化
Figure 15. Optimization of MCIES energy allocation in coal-endowed areas
表 1 我国赋煤区太阳能资源估算
Table 1 Estimation of solar energy resources in coal-endowed areas in China
省
(自治区)赋煤区
面积占
比[19]/%煤炭
储量[19]/
亿t水平面总
辐照量年
平均值[20]/(kWh·m−2)年日照时数[17]/h 太阳能理
论储量[14]/
(1014 kWh·a−1)光伏装机
潜力[18]/
万kW赋煤区 太阳能理论储量/(1015 kJ·a−1) 光伏开
发潜力/
(1012 kJ·a−1)理论储量折合标煤/(亿t·a−1) 理论储量
折合减排
CO2/(亿t·a−1)光伏开发
潜力折
合标煤/
(万t·a−1)光伏开发
潜力折
合减排/
(万t·a−1)北京 8.54 86.72 1405.94 2640 95.04 1418 8.11 11.50 9.97 26.80 39.32 105.71 天津 3.33 44.52 1402.74 2580 58.32 710 1.94 2.20 2.39 6.42 7.51 20.20 河北 3.76 601.39 1438.98 2670 1038.96 8963 39.07 32.40 48.00 129.06 110.73 297.69 山西 21.31 3899.18 1426.89 2870 829.44 7050 176.79 155.26 217.21 583.96 530.61 1426.55 内蒙古 8.88 12250.43 1581.32 2930 6391.80 43791 567.38 410.02 697.08 1874.11 1401.30 3767.40 辽宁 2.23 59.27 1381.25 2210 742.68 5209 16.56 9.24 20.35 54.70 31.58 84.91 吉林 2.45 30.03 1344.27 2280 895.32 7820 21.98 15.76 27.00 72.59 53.85 144.77 黑龙江 0.97 176.13 1294.16 2340 2149.56 12437 20.90 10.19 25.68 69.05 34.82 93.62 江苏 1.21 50.49 1307.84 2020 595.44 8842 7.22 7.80 8.87 23.85 26.65 71.65 浙江 0.02 0.44 1251.88 2040 463.68 5997 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.30 0.30 0.80 安徽 4.21 611.59 1242.51 2210 610.20 7650 25.70 25.63 31.57 84.88 87.60 235.51 福建 1.07 25.57 1291.07 1990 561.96 3667 6.02 2.81 7.39 19.88 9.61 25.85 江西 2.94 40.84 1194.24 2150 735.12 8292 21.58 18.84 26.52 71.29 64.40 173.13 山东 6.08 405.13 1379.78 2280 789.12 15541 47.98 77.55 58.94 158.47 265.05 712.59 河南 9.04 919.71 1269.41 1920 786.96 10327 71.16 64.54 87.42 235.04 220.58 593.03 湖北 0.11 2.04 1151.51 1790 804.96 9586 0.87 0.66 1.06 2.86 2.27 6.11 湖南 1.27 45.35 1077.03 1610 890.64 10929 11.35 8.08 13.95 37.50 27.60 74.20 广东 0.78 9.11 1256.01 1690 866.52 6005 6.75 2.85 8.29 22.30 9.73 26.15 广西 0.55 17.64 1186.35 1470 1022.76 10853 5.60 3.14 6.88 18.48 10.74 28.87 海南 0.00 0.01 1503.04 1870 171.36 7883 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.21 四川 2.35 303.79 1385.8 1790 2265.48 13528 53.14 20.45 65.29 175.53 69.88 187.89 贵州 18.10 1896.9 1021.26 1630 681.84 7977 123.44 84.75 151.66 407.74 289.63 778.66 云南 3.50 437.87 1490.81 2340 2078.64 16453 72.79 48.53 89.43 240.42 165.87 445.94 西藏 0.04 8.09 1920.11 3050 8498.16 32038 3.46 1.43 4.25 11.43 4.89 13.16 陕西 11.38 2031.1 1321.47 2910 936.36 9446 106.57 112.63 130.93 352.01 384.91 1034.84 甘肃 3.94 1428.87 1636.62 3000 2412.00 16339 95.14 69.61 116.89 314.27 237.89 639.57 青海 1.07 380.42 1798.11 3190 4917.60 25287 52.42 30.96 64.41 173.16 105.80 284.45 宁夏 11.45 1721.11 1617.78 2980 392.76 4294 44.95 52.73 55.23 148.49 180.20 484.46 新疆 4.56 18037.3 1626.3 2920 9741.60 57124 444.69 274.11 546.34 1468.85 936.82 2518.63 注：赋煤区太阳能理论储量=太阳能理论储量×赋煤区面积占比，赋煤区光伏开发潜力=光伏装机潜力×年日照时数×赋煤区面积占比，29 270 kJ=1 kg 标准煤，1 t标煤产生2.688 t CO2。 
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表 2 我国赋煤区地热资源估算
Table 2 Estimation of geothermal resources in coal-endowed areas in China
地区 赋煤区面积/
万km2[19]赋煤区面积
占比/%[19]地热资源储量/
1015 kJ[35]赋煤区地热资源
理论储量/1015 kJ折合标煤/
(万t·a−1)折合减排CO2/
(万t·a−1)北京 0.14 8.54 94.81 8.10 276.73 743.86 天津 0.04 3.33 394.51 13.14 448.92 1206.71 河北 0.71 3.76 3052.00 114.76 3920.74 10538.94 山西 3.34 21.31 897.92 191.35 6537.41 17572.56 内蒙古 10.51 8.88 176.35 15.66 535.02 1438.13 辽宁 0.33 2.23 339.91 7.58 258.97 696.11 吉林 0.46 2.45 96.00 2.35 80.29 215.81 黑龙江 0.46 0.97 236.50 2.294 78.37 210.67 江苏 0.13 1.21 266.13 3.22 110.01 295.71 浙江 0.002 0.02 1.20 0.024 0.82 2.20 安徽 0.59 4.21 60.52 2.55 87.12 234.18 福建 0.13 1.07 44.70 4.78 163.31 438.97 江西 0.49 2.94 66.66 1.96 66.96 180.00 山东 0.96 6.08 2 092.86 127.49 4355.65 11 708.00 河南 1.51 9.04 404.68 36.58 1 249.74 3 359.31 湖北 0.02 0.11 87.81 0.097 3.31 8.91 湖南 0.27 1.27 10.46 0.1328 4.54 12.20 广东 0.14 0.78 222.91 1.74 59.45 159.79 广西 0.13 0.55 256.12 1.41 48.17 129.49 海南 0.000 15 0.42 20.439 8.584 293.27 788.31 四川 1.14 2.35 6 525.40 153.35 5 239.15 14 082.84 贵州 3.19 18.10 88.08 15.943 544.69 1 464.12 云南 1.38 3.50 197.71 6.92 236.42 635.50 西藏 0.05 0.04 4807.70 1.923 65.70 176.60 陕西 2.34 11.38 68.943 7.845 7 268.05 720.51 甘肃 1.68 3.94 95.401 6 3.758 8 128.42 345.19 青海 0.77 1.07 142.50 1.52 51.93 139.59 新疆 7.60 4.56 961.00 43.82 1 497.10 4 024.19 注：地热资源储量(kJ)×赋煤区积占比(%)=赋煤区地热资源理论储量(kJ)。
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表 3 我国赋煤区风能资源潜力估算
Table 3 Estimation of wind energy resources in coal-endowed areas in China
地区 风功率
密度[20]/
(W·m−2)年有效小
时数[52]/
h赋煤区面
积占比[19]/
%赋煤区
面积/
万km2理论装机
潜力/
GW理论开发
潜力/
(1016 kJ·a−1)理论折合
标煤/
(亿t·a−1)理论减排CO2/
(亿t·a−1)预估装机
潜力[53] /
万kW预估开发
潜力/
(1012 kJ·a−1)预估折合
标煤/
(万t·a−1)预估减排CO2/
(万t·a−1)北京 169.79 1816 8.54 0.14 237.8 0.16 0.53 1.43 39 0.22 0.74 2.00 天津 207.96 1965 3.33 0.04 83.1 0.06 0.20 0.54 239 0.56 1.92 5.16 河北 228.03 2144 3.76 0.71 1618.8 1.25 4.26 11.46 24832 72.07 245.91 661.13 山西 198.06 1918 21.31 3.32 6584.2 4.55 15.51 41.71 16630 244.70 834.97 2244.84 内蒙古 364.24 2305 8.88 10.51 38263.6 31.75 108.34 291.28 161016 1186.40 4048.54 10884.64 辽宁 293.01 2300 2.23 0.33 967.1 0.80 2.73 7.35 8347 15.41 52.59 141.39 吉林 317.36 2216 2.45 0.46 1457.1 1.16 3.97 10.66 10669 20.85 71.16 191.30 黑龙江 290.82 2323 0.97 0.46 1334.3 1.12 3.81 10.24 18771 15.23 51.96 139.69 江苏 200.23 1973 1.21 0.13 259.7 0.18 0.63 1.69 7484 6.43 21.95 59.01 浙江 140.33 2090 0.02 0.00 2.9 0.00 0.01 0.02 5349 0.08 0.27 0.74 安徽 167.24 1809 4.21 0.59 986.4 0.64 2.19 5.89 7020 19.25 65.68 176.57 福建 130.35 2639 1.07 0.13 169.3 0.16 0.55 1.48 6304 6.41 21.87 58.79 江西 145.73 2028 2.94 0.49 715.1 0.52 1.78 4.79 3661 7.86 26.81 72.09 山东 225.39 1863 6.08 0.96 2163.8 1.45 4.95 13.31 22033 89.84 306.57 824.24 河南 175.73 1480 9.04 1.51 2653.0 1.41 4.82 12.97 9116 43.91 149.82 402.81 湖北 124.88 1960 0.11 0.02 25.5 0.02 0.06 0.17 3798 0.29 1.01 2.70 湖南 142.48 1960 1.27 0.27 383.3 0.27 0.92 2.48 3558 3.19 10.88 29.25 广东 160.15 1612 0.78 0.14 224.5 0.13 0.44 1.20 13115 5.94 20.26 54.46 广西 191.99 2385 0.55 0.13 250.9 0.22 0.74 1.98 13040 6.16 21.01 56.49 四川 150.02 2553 2.35 1.14 1713.4 1.57 5.37 14.45 14325 30.94 105.57 283.84 贵州 159.33 1861 18.10 3.19 5081.4 3.40 11.62 31.23 6247 75.75 258.49 694.96 云南 147.59 2808 3.50 1.38 2035.8 2.06 7.02 18.88 14168 50.13 171.05 459.87 西藏 255.63 2173 0.04 0.05 125.6 0.10 0.34 0.90 47609 1.49 5.08 13.67 陕西 149.07 1931 11.38 2.34 3487.8 2.42 8.27 22.24 10340 81.80 279.12 750.42 甘肃 229.64 1787 3.94 1.68 3853.5 2.48 8.46 22.74 17626 44.68 152.45 409.86 青海 227.06 1743 0.14 0.10 234.3 0.15 0.50 1.35 14227 1.28 4.35 11.70 宁夏 235.09 1811 11.45 0.76 1787.3 1.17 3.98 10.69 3900 29.11 99.34 267.09 新疆 233.70 2147 4.56 7.59 17742.4 13.71 46.79 125.81 38960 137.32 468.56 1259.73 注：理论装机潜力=赋煤区面积×风功率密度，理论开发潜力=理论装机潜力×年有效小时数；预估可开发潜力=预估装机潜力×赋煤区面积占比×年有效小时数。
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