Mechanism of short-wall block backfill water-preserved mining based on water-conducting fractures development-heavy metal ions migration
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摘要:
短壁块段式充填采煤技术可有效解决煤炭资源浪费、水资源流失和矸石堆积等问题，然而，采空区矸石充填材料受到矿井水的长期作用后，其内部重金属离子可能会发生浸出，对矿区水资源造成一定潜在污染影响。为此，结合短壁块段式充填采煤技术，系统地对采动造成的水资源流失和水资源污染综合防治展开研究。首先，针对矿区水资源流失防治，基于“煤柱、充填体−阻隔层−隔水层”的层位组合关系，研究短壁块段式充填采煤覆岩导水裂隙发育特征，揭示短壁块段式充填采煤诱发的覆岩结构演变下水资源保护的控制机理。其次，针对矿区水资源污染防治，建立采空区矸石充填材料重金属离子迁移模型，揭示矸石充填材料对水资源的污染机理，分析矸石充填材料重金属离子迁移规律。并由此总结矿区水资源流失-污染综合防治技术，提出基于水资源流失−污染防治的充实率设计方法。结果表明：在水资源流失防治方面，矸石材料作为充填体充入采空区后，作为永久承载体与块段间保护煤柱共同承担上覆岩层的载荷，有效阻止了低位岩层组的垮落，限制覆岩导水裂隙贯穿隔水层，确保高位岩层组的完整性；在水资源污染防治方面，矸石充填材料重金属离子在渗流、浓度、应力的耦合作用下，以矿井水为载体，在重力势能和水头压力的驱动下沿着煤柱侧向以及底板下方进行迁移运动，且重金属离子迁移距离随底板岩层渗透率、重金属离子浸出浓度/污染源强、底板裂隙深度和水位高度的增大而增大，随矸石粒径和围岩应力的增大而减小。基于此，总结了矿区水资源流失−污染综合防治技术，包括开采参数调控技术、充填参数调控技术、污染源头调控技术、传播途径调控技术以及水体原位调控技术，并提出基于水资源流失−污染防治的充实率设计方法，实现矿区水资源流失−污染综合防治。研究成果对综合防治煤炭开采造成的矿区水资源破坏问题提供一定的科学理论依据和工程指导。
Abstract:Short-wall block backfill mining (SBBM) technology can effectively solve the problems of coal resources waste, water resources loss and gangue waste accumulation. However, after the long-term effect of mine water, the internal heavy metal ions in the gangue backfill materials may be leached, which have a certain potential impact on the groundwater environment in the mining area. Therefore, according to the technical characteristics of SBBM technology, comprehensive prevention of water resources loss and water resources pollution during SBBM was studied systematically. First, prevention and control of water resources loss in the mining area. Based on the combination relationship of “coal pillar, backfill body-barrier layer-aquifuge”, The development of water-conducting fractures in overlying strata under SBBM were analysed. The control mechanism of water resources protection under the evolution of overlying strata structure induced during SBBM was revealed. Secondly, prevention and control of water resources pollution in mining areas. The migration model of heavy metal ions in the gob was established. Then, the pollution mechanism of gangue backfill materials to water resources was revealed, the migration law of heavy metal ions in gangue backfill materials was analyzed, the comprehensive prevention and control technology of water resources destruction in mining area was summarized, the comprehensive prevention and control technology of water resources loss-pollution in mining area was summarized, and the design method of filling ratio based on water resources loss-pollution prevention was put forward. The results show that the gangue materials were filled into the gob as the backfill body, the gangue materials would be the permanent bearing body, which bore the load of the overlying strata accompanied with the protective coal pillar among the blocks, which could greatly prevents the collapse of the low-level stratum, restrict the water-conducting fractures to penetrate the barrier layer and protect the integrity of the high-level stratum. In addition, the heavy metal ions in gangue backfill materials were subjected to the coupled action of seepage, concentration, and stress and then driven by water head pressure and gravitational potential energy to migrate along the side of the coal pillar and below the floor stratum, during which mine water served as the carrier. The migration distance of heavy metal ions increased with increasing of the permeability of floor strata, leaching concentration of heavy metal ions/pollution source intensity, depth of floor breaks and water level heights, and decreases with the increase of gangue particle size and surrounding rock stress. Based on this, the comprehensive prevention and control technology of water resources loss-pollution in mining area was summarized, it included mining parameter control technology, backfill parameter control technology, pollution source control technology, transmission route control technology and in-situ water control technology. and the design method of filling ratio based on water resource loss-pollution prevention and control was put forward, which can realize the comprehensive prevention and control of water resource loss-pollution in mining area. This study will provide scientific theoretical basis and guidance for the comprehensive prevention and control of the water resources destruction problems caused by coal mining.
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图 1 短壁块段式充填采煤工作面布置及设备
Figure 1. Layout and equipments of working face in short-wall block backfill mining
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图 2 短壁块段式充填工作面充填工艺
Figure 2. Backfilling process of working face in short-wall block backfill mining
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图 3 短壁块段式充填试验工作面布置
Figure 3. Layout of experimental short-wall block backfill mining working face
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图 6 不同级配矸石试样压实应力-应变曲线
Figure 6. Compaction stress-strain curve of different gradations of gangue sample
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图 7 充填相似材料与矸石材料压实应力-应变曲线
Figure 7. Compaction stress-strain curve of similar material and gangue material
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图 8 煤层开采过程中采场上覆岩层的垂直变形
Figure 8. Vertical deformation of overlying strata during coal seam mining
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图 9 煤层开采过程中采场上覆岩层的导水裂隙发育特征
Figure 9. Development characteristics of water-conducting fractures in overlying strata during coal seam mining
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图 13 采空区矸石充填材料重金属离子迁移模型
Figure 13. Migration model of heavy metal ions in gangue backfill materials in the gob
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图 14 不同时间下Mn2+迁移距离变化
Figure 14. Change of Mn2+ migration distance under different time
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图 15 不同粒径下Mn2+浸出浓度
Figure 15. Mn2+ leaching concentration under different particle sizes
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图 16 不同底板岩性下Mn2+迁移距离变化
Figure 16. Change of Mn2+ migration distance under different floor lithology
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图 17 不同重金属离子浸出浓度下Mn2+迁移距离变化
Figure 17. Change of Mn2+ migration distance under leaching concentration of different heavy metal ions
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图 18 不同矸石粒径下Mn2+迁移距离变化
Figure 18. Change of Mn2+ migration distance under different gangue particle size
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图 19 不同围岩应力下Mn2+迁移距离变化
Figure 19. Change of Mn2+ migration distance under different surrounding rock stress
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图 20 不同底板裂隙深度下Mn2+迁移距离变化
Figure 20. Change of Mn2+ migration distance under different depth of floor breaks
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图 21 不同水位高度下Mn2+迁移距离变化
Figure 21. Change of Mn2+ migration distance under different water level heights
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图 22 矿区水资源流失-污染综合防治技术
Figure 22. Comprehensive prevention technology of water resources loss - pollution in mining area
表 1 相似模拟实验材料配比参数
Table 1 Proportional parameters of materials for simulation experimental
序号 岩层 模拟厚度/cm 模拟强度/kPa 砂质量/kg 碳酸钙质量/kg 石膏质量/kg 水质量/kg 1 黄土 22.8 0.2 179.55 17.96 7.69 22.8 2 泥岩 7.3 70.0 57.49 5.75 2.46 7.3 3 粗粒砂岩 20.9 174.4 161.23 8.06 18.81 20.9 4 泥岩 2.2 70.0 17.33 1.73 0.74 2.2 5 细砂岩 3.3 202.0 22.28 3.71 3.71 3.3 6 砂质泥岩 9.5 103.2 74.81 5.34 5.34 9.5 7 泥岩 11.3 70.0 89.0 8.9 3.8 11.3 8 粉砂岩 3.3 180.0 25.46 1.27 2.97 3.3 9 泥岩 3.9 70.0 30.71 3.07 1.32 3.9 10 粉砂岩 8.5 180.0 65.57 3.28 7.65 8.5 11 泥岩 1.3 70.0 10.24 1.02 0.44 1.3 12 煤 2.6 63.2 20.48 2.05 0.87 2.6 13 砂质泥岩 2.0 129.2 15.75 0.68 1.57 2.0 
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表 2 矸石试样级配方案
Table 2 Gradation scheme of gangue sample
级配方案 各粒径范围的矸石体积占比/% 0~15 mm 15~30 mm 30~50 mm 1 70.0 30.0 — 2 30.0 40.0 30.0 3 — 30.0 70.0
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表 3 矸石中离子或化合物成分及含量
Table 3 Composition and content of ions or compounds in gangue
化学成分 含量/% 化学成分 含量/% SiO2 59.90 Ba 0.10 Al2O3 20.70 Mn 0.094 Fe2O3 6.70 F ≤0.045 K2O 2.40 Be 0.011 CaO 2.00 Zn 0.009 MgO 1.80 Cu 0.0006 S 1.53 Pb <0.0002 Na2O 0.65 As <0.0001 P 0.05 Cd <0.0001 Ti 0.50
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表 4 模拟方案
Table 4 Simulation program
序号 底板岩性 重金属离子浸出浓度/(mol·L−1) 矸石粒径/mm 围岩应力/MPa 底板裂隙深度/m 水位高度/m 1 灰岩/细粒砂岩/泥岩/中粒砂岩 3.2×10-5 15~30 6.5 0 3.8 2 泥岩 1.2×10−5/2.2×10−5/3.2×10−5/4.2×10−5 15~30 6.5 0 3.8 3 泥岩 3.2×10-5 0~15/15~30/30~50 6.5 0 3.8 4 泥岩 3.2×10-5 15~30 5.0/6.5/8.0/9.5 0 3.8 5 泥岩 3.2×10-5 15~30 6.5 0/5.0/10/15.0 3.8 6 泥岩 3.2×10-5 15~30 6.5 0 0.8/1.8/2.8/3.8
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