Characteristics of structural water control and groundwater migration in Qidong Coal Mine
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摘要:
以祁东煤矿为例，通过研究矿井地下水运移规律及其所在区域的构造控水特征，以期为煤矿水害的超前精准治理和区域防治提供借鉴参考。利用构造控水理论结合祁东煤矿及其所在矿区、煤田的地质构造背景，对构造控水的逐级控制作用和构造控水作用方式进行研究，结果如下：祁东煤矿基岩地层形态整体受宿南向斜控制，局部受魏庙断层等构造控制，新生界地层形态亦受到构造的间接控制；在宿南向斜控制下，矿井内或矿井外南部风化后的二叠系煤系砂岩裂隙含水层、太灰、奥灰与四含角度不整合接触；在魏庙断层控制下，在矿井南部采区部分二叠系煤系砂岩裂隙含水层含水层再次露头，与四含角度不整合接触，不整合接触使得含水层间可产生水力联系。总结分析结果，认为：①地质构造通过对地层形态的控制，对地下含水层水起到控制作用；②地质构造通过控制含水层间的接触，对含水层间的水力联系起到控制作用。为进一步验证含水层间的水力联系，利用水位变化的对比分析和皮尔逊（Person）相关系数，对放水试验期间南部采区四含、太灰和正常水位观测期间四含、太灰、奥灰的钻孔水位观测结果进行分析，得出：①南部采区放水试验期间，四含（SQ10-14）与太灰（ST4）水位变化基本同步，相关性极强；②正常水位观测期间，四含（SQ10）、太灰（ST4）、奥灰（SO2）两两之间水位变化具有极强的相关性，同一含水层内不同观测孔间水位变化的相关性差异较大。证实：受构造控制，在矿井局部，四含与基岩含水层角度不整合接触区域，存在水力联系。利用地下水数值模拟软件Groundwater Model System（GMS）结合参数反演Parameter Estimation（PEST），对四含水位分布和径流规律进行研究，得出：四含水位在−7~−57 m，南部水位比北部水位高，在魏庙断层处，水力梯度较大；四含水径流集中在矿井西南部和中部，西南部整体向北径流，中部以东西向径流为主，四含径流有绕过魏庙断层。
Abstract:Taking Qidong Coal Mine as an example, this paper studies the law of groundwater migration and the characteristics of structural water control in the region, in order to provide reference for advanced precise control and regional prevention of coal mine water disasters. Based on the theory of structural water control and combined with the geological and structural background of Qidong Coal Mine and its mining area and coalfield, the step-by-step control effect of structural water control and the mode of structural water control are studied. The results are as follows: The bedrock formation morphology of Qidong Coal Mine is controlled by Sunan syncline as a whole, partly by Weimiao fault and other structures, and the Cenozoic formation morphology is also indirectly controlled by structures. Under the control of Sunan syncline, Permian coal-bearing sandstone fractured aquifer, Taihui, Ordovician limestone and aquifer IV angle unconformity contact after weathering inside or outside the mine; under the control of Weimiao fault, the aquifer of partial Permian coal-bearing sandstone fractured aquifer in the southern mining area of the mine outcrops again, and contacts with the aquifer IV angle unconformity, which makes the hydraulic connection between the aquifers. Based on the analysis results, it is considered that ① the geological structure controls the underground aquifer water by controlling the formation morphology ; ② Geological structure controls the hydraulic connection between aquifers by controlling the contact between aquifers. In order to further verify the hydraulic connection between aquifers, using the comparative analysis of water level changes and Pearson correlation coefficient, the borehole water level observation results of aquifer IV, Taihui and aquifer IV, Taihui and Ordovician limestone in the southern mining area during the water discharge test and normal water level observation period were analyzed. The results show that: ① During the water discharge test in the southern mining area, the water level changes of aquifer IV (SQ10-14) and Taihui (ST4) are basically synchronous and highly correlated; ② During the normal water level observation, there is a strong correlation between the water level changes of aquifer IV (SQ10), Taihui (ST4) and Ordovician limestone (SO2), and the correlation between different observation holes in the same aquifer is quite different. It is confirmed that, controlled by the structure, there is hydraulic connection in the angular unconformity contact area between the fourth aquifer and the bedrock aquifer in the local area of the mine. The groundwater model system (GMS) and parameter estimation (PEST) are used to study the distribution and runoff law of four water levels. The results show that the four water levels are about−7−−57m, the water level in the south is higher than that in the north, and the hydraulic gradient is larger at the Weimiao fault. The four water-bearing runoff is concentrated in the southwest and central part of the mine. The southwest runoff is northward as a whole, and the central part is mainly east-west runoff. The four water-bearing runoff bypasses the Weimiao fault.
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图 1 祁东煤矿及其所在矿区、煤田构造示意
Figure 1. Structure of Qidong Coal Mine, its mining area and coalfield
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图 3 构造与基岩含水层露头分布示意
Figure 3. Schematic of structure and outcrop distribution of bedrock aquifer
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图 5 放水试验期间观测孔水位变化
Figure 5. Water level change of observation hole during discharge test
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图 6 正常水位观测期间观测孔水位变化
Figure 6. Water level change of observation hole during normal water level observation
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图 7 放水试验期间ST4孔与SQ10孔水位变化
Figure 7. Water level changes of ST4 and SQ10 boreholes during discharge test
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图 8 正常水位观测期间ST4孔与SQ10孔水位变化
Figure 8. Water level changes of ST4 and SQ10 boreholes during normal water level observation
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图 9 建立地下水数值模型的主要步骤流程
Figure 9. Flow of main steps for establishing groundwater numerical model
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图 16 四含内地下水径流速度向量
Figure 16. Velocity vector diagram of groundwater runoff in aquifer IV
表 1 放水试验期间观测孔水位变化情况
Table 1 Water level changes of observation holes during discharge test
钻孔 预放水试验阶段 水位恢复阶段 正式放水试验阶段 2014-03-15水位/m 2014-05-20水位/m 水位变化/m 2014-07-03水位/m 水位变化/m 2014-07-22水位/m 水位变化/m SQ10 −11.14 −14.63 −3.49 −12.12 2.51 −13.85 −1.73 SQ11 −24.33 −26.56 −2.23 −24.89 1.67 −26.06 −1.17 SQ12 −17.5 −19.67 −2.17 −18.09 1.58 −19.25 −1.16 SQ13 −30.17 −27.01 3.16 −28.97 −1.96 SQ14 −31.68 −25.44 6.24 −29.95 −4.51 ST4 −10.47 −12.63 −2.16 −11.16 1.47 −12.26 −1.1 
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表 2 放水试验期间观测孔水位变化的相关性
Table 2 Correlation of water level changes of observation holes during discharge test
孔号 孔水位变化相关性 SQ10 ST4 SQ12 SQ11 SQ14 SQ13 SQ10 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.92 0.84 ST4 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.96 0.87 SQ12 0.98 0.97 1.00 0.98 0.87 0.79 SQ11 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.93 0.84 SQ14 0.92 0.96 0.87 0.93 1.00 0.86 SQ13 0.84 0.87 0.79 0.84 0.86 1.00
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表 3 正常水位观测期间各钻孔水位间的相关性
Table 3 Correlation between long-term observation borehole water level of each aquifer
孔号 孔水位变化相关性 SO2 ST4 SQ10 ST1 ST3 SQ7 SQ1 SQ6 SQ8 SO2 1 0.81 0.84 −0.68 0.59 0.73 0.56 0.43 −0.54 ST4 0.81 1 0.90 0.39 −0.19 0.54 0.36 0.46 0.39 SQ10 0.84 0.90 1 −0.68 0.62 0.81 0.77 0.64 −0.36 ST1 −0.68 0.39 −0.68 1 −0.69 −0.82 −0.46 −0.25 0.62 ST3 0.59 −0.19 0.62 −0.69 1 0.56 0.29 0.13 −0.61 SQ7 0.73 0.54 0.81 −0.82 0.56 1 0.82 0.70 −0.46 SQ1 0.56 0.36 0.77 −0.46 0.29 0.82 1 0.96 −0.04 SQ6 0.43 0.46 0.64 −0.25 0.13 0.70 0.96 1 0.13 SQ8 −0.54 0.39 −0.36 0.62 −0.61 −0.46 −0.04 0.13 1
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表 4 祁东煤矿四含的补、径、排情况
Table 4 Supplement, diameter and drainage of aquifer IV in Qidong Coal Mine
补给项 数值/（m3·d−1） 排泄项 数值/（m3·d−1） 已知水位孔 35.75652888 已知水位孔 2.191012621 抽水井 0 抽水井 0.353078 补给区 24.97032833 补给区 0 岩层储水 95.91781616 岩层放水 128.375061 径流补给 16.77161254 径流排泄 38.94797101 总补给 173.4162859 总排泄 169.8671227
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