Abstract: To address the combined pollution of coal dust and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) during the mining of sulfur-bearing coal seams, this study takes the No.1008 high-sulfur fully mechanized mining face of Wuhushan Coal Mine in Inner Mongolia as the engineering background.Six surfactants with different ionic types were selected and compounded with sodium carbonate at a mass fraction of 0.5% to construct a compound alkali–surfactant system. Through interfacial property tests, airborne pollutant absorption experiments, MS molecular simulation, and on-site industrial tests, the synergistic law of the compound system governing coal dust wetting and H₂S adsorption was systematically investigated, the coupling efficiency-enhancing mechanism by which coal dust carriers strengthen H₂S absorption was revealed, and the application effect of the synergistic control scheme combining coal seam water infusion with working face spraying was verified. The results show that the anionic SDBS compound system exhibits the optimal interfacial activity. At a mass fraction of 0.5%, the contact angle of the coal sample decreases to 25.31°, with a reduction rate of 33.5%. The H₂S adsorption energy follows a symmetric Poisson distribution; as the temperature rises from 273.15 K to 298.15 K, the mean interaction energy shifts from −35.77 kJ/mol to −32.68 kJ/mol, and the adsorption site occupancy probability peaks at 288.15 K, exhibiting a dual regulation effect of low-temperature-promoted diffusion and preferential adsorption versus high-temperature-dominated desorption. The adsorption process undergoes a dynamic evolution from isolated adsorption, micropore aggregation, and cooperative adsorption to spatial stratification with increasing pressure. The compound system can significantly enhance the coal-based H₂S adsorption capacity, and the adsorption isotherm conforms well to the Langmuir-Freundlich model (R²>0.98); the adsorption capacity of the SDBS compound system is 174.76% higher than that of raw coal. Under wind-borne conditions, coal dust acting as an absorption carrier can increase the H₂S absorption rate by 3.75%～6.88%; the optimal compound system achieves a dust suppression efficiency of 95.23% and an H₂S absorption rate of 84.38%.After the on-site implementation of compound alkali-SDBS coal seam water infusion combined with full-section spraying, the peak H₂S concentration in the working face decreases by 68.36%, and the total dust suppression efficiency reaches 92%～97%.