Abstract: To clarify the intrinsic relationships among damage development, seepage-channel evolution, and energy storage and dissipation in gas-bearing fractured coal-rock composite structures during loading, intact specimens and three types of specimens containing a 45° fracture located in the coal, at the coal-rock interface, or in the rock were prepared under an initial confining pressure of 4 MPa and a gas pressure of 1 MPa. Interface-fractured specimens with fracture angles of 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90° were also prepared. Conventional triaxial loading and synchronous loading-unloading tests were conducted for each configuration. Stress-strain, acoustic emission (AE), and outlet-flow data were recorded simultaneously, and the energy storage-dissipation characteristics were analyzed. The results show that fracture location and angle mainly control the degradation of load-bearing capacity, crack coalescence paths, and pre-peak energy storage-dissipation characteristics, whereas the stress path mainly alters the stage distribution of damage development, permeability enhancement, and energy conversion. Under conventional triaxial loading, the peak deviatoric stress of the interface-fractured specimen was 51.8% lower than that of the intact specimen. The coal-fractured, interface-fractured, 0°, and 30° specimens exhibited more pronounced pre-peak damage dissipation, whereas the rock-fractured, 60°, and 90° specimens were dominated by elastic energy storage, with damage and permeability enhancement tending to occur in the post-peak stage. Under synchronous loading-unloading, the differences in peak deviatoric stress among specimens with different fracture locations became smaller than those under conventional triaxial loading, while the fracture angle continued to exert a pronounced influence on the concentration of post-peak damage. The proportions of AE counts in the post-peak failure stage reached 95.3%−96.8% for the 45°, 60°, and 90° specimens, higher than the 67.1%−71.5% observed for the 0° and 30° specimens. Compared with conventional triaxial loading, synchronous loading-unloading reduced the peak deviatoric stress of the intact and differently located fractured specimens by 12.2%−39.4%, increased the post-peak permeability change rate of specimens with different fracture angles by 187.1%−272.7%, and decreased the total strain energy density and dissipated-energy ratio at peak stress by 36.1%−68.9% and 30.3%−71.1%, respectively. Synchronous unloading suppresses the increase in mean stress and weakens fracture-closure confinement, thereby compressing the stable pre-peak damage and progressive energy-dissipation processes and shifting crack propagation and coalescence, AE activity, and permeability enhancement toward the vicinity of the peak stress and the post-peak stage. Damage, seepage, and energy responses characterize crack activity, flow-channel evolution, and energy conversion, respectively, and their coupled evolution is jointly governed by fracture closure, slip, propagation, and coalescence.