Method and application of coal-based solid waste filling in multi-layer three-dimensional space of coal mining
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摘要:
矿山煤基固废资源化利用是破解“安全−技术−经济−环境”融合发展的主攻方向，也是煤炭行业高质量绿色发展的关键。煤基固废井下充填开采在实现减损开采、固废处置、资源置换和生态保护等方面具有显著的技术独创性优势，已成为资源化、规模化和绿色化处置煤基固废的关键路径之一。但现有的充填开采技术存在对覆岩控制效果有限、缺乏多种充填方式间的联动效应和对煤基固废的综合利用率偏低等问题。因此，通过概述我国典型煤基固废的资源化利用现状和存在问题，从经济、技术、环境、政策和空间5个维度阐明了煤基固废充填开采的可行性。基于此，提出了煤矿开采多层位立体空间煤基固废充填方法，系统阐述了该方法的内涵和整体思路，主要包括高位充填、原位充填和低位充填。结合层次分析法初步建立了具有15项评价指标的多层位立体空间煤基固废充填方法评价体系。煤矿开采多层位立体空间煤基固废充填方法的规模化应用主要存在充填材料高效精准制备机理、充填料浆管道输送特性、充填空间结构演化规律和充填材料−充填空间交互作用不明等4项关键技术难题。围绕以上关键技术难题，主要开展煤基固废充填材料成浆机理、充填材料精准制备技术框架、充填料浆流场稳态控制、充填料浆管道输送关键参数、充填空间空隙结构演化、充填材料扩散/承载特性、充填材料−围岩系统协同作用机制和充填材料−环境多场耦合机制8项研究内容。根据宁夏煤业任家庄煤矿、山西省霍尔辛赫煤矿的开采技术、充填工艺及地质条件，分别针对性提出低位垮落带注浆充填和高位离层区注浆充填方法，实现了矿区煤基固废的安全绿色处置，有效控制了地表沉陷与变形，形成了良好的区域型示范效应。多层位立体空间煤基固废充填方法创新了煤矿井下煤基固废规模化处置的新模式，完善了绿色充填开采技术体系，实现了煤矿采动覆岩全空间协同控制与固废资源化技术跃升，可推动煤炭企业由“环境代价型”向“生态增值型”的根本转变。
Abstract:The resource utilization of coal-based solid waste in mines is the main direction to solve the integrated development of 'safety-technology-economy-environment', and it is also the key to the high-quality green development of the coal industry. Underground filling mining of coal-based solid waste has obvious technical originality advantages in loss reduction mining, solid waste disposal, resource replacement and ecological protection, and has become one of the key paths for resource, scale and green disposal of coal-based solid waste. However, the existing filling mining technology has problems such as limited control effect on overlying strata, lack of linkage effect between multiple filling methods, and low comprehensive utilization rate of coal-based solid waste. Therefore, by summarizing the current situation and existing problems of resource utilization of typical coal-based solid waste in China, the feasibility of coal-based solid waste filling mining is clarified from five dimensions of economy, technology, environment, policy and space. Based on this, the coal-based solid waste filling method in multi-layer three-dimensional space of coal mining was proposed. The connotation and overall idea of this method were systematically expounded, including high-level filling, in-situ filling and low-level filling. Based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), an evaluation system of coal-based solid waste filling with 15 evaluation indexes was established. The large-scale application of multi-level three-dimensional space coal based solid waste filling method in coal mining mainly faces 4 key technical challenges, including efficient and accurate preparation of filling materials, pipeline transportation characteristics of filling slurry, evolution law of filling spatial structure and interaction between filling material-space. Focusing on the above key technical challenges, 8 research contents were mainly carried out, including the slurry formation mechanism of coal-based solid waste filling materials, the technical framework of precise preparation of filling materials, the steady-state control mechanism of filling slurry flow field, the key parameters of filling slurry pipeline transportation, the evolution of filling space void structure, the diffusion/bearing characteristics of filling materials, the synergistic mechanism of filling materials-surrounding rock and the multi-field coupling mechanism of filling materials-environment. Based on the mining technology, filling process, and geological conditions of Renjiazhuang Coal Mine in Ningxia Coal Industry and Horxinhe Coal Mine in Shanxi Province, the grouting filling methods in low-level caving zone and high-level separation zone were proposed respectively, which realized the safe and green disposal of coal base solid waste in mining area, effectively controlled the surface subsidence and deformation, and established a good regional demonstration effect. The multi-layer three-dimensional space coal-based solid waste filling method has innovated the new mode of large-scale disposal of coal-based solid waste in underground coal mines, improved the green filling mining technology system, and realized the coordinated control of the whole space of coal mining overburden rock and the leap of solid waste recycling technology, which can promote the fundamental transformation of coal enterprises from “environmental cost type” to “ecological value-added type”.
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图 1 2018—2023年我国典型煤基固废产量及综合利用率
Figure 1. Typical coal-based solid waste production and comprehensive utilization rate in China from 2018 to 2023
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图 4 多层位立体空间煤基固废充填方法
Figure 4. coal-based solid waste filling method in multi-layer three-dimensional space
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图 5 多层位立体空间煤基固废注浆充填整体思路
Figure 5. Overall idea of coal-based solid waste grouting filling in multi-layer three-dimensional space
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图 6 多层位立体空间充填方法评价体系
Figure 6. Evaluation system of multi-layer three-dimensional space filling method
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图 7 多层位立体空间充填技术框架
Figure 7. Multi-layer three-dimensional space filling technology framework
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图 8 煤基固废物理成浆机理示意
Figure 8. Schematic diagram of physical slurrying mechanism of coal-based solid waste
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图 9 煤基固废充填材料精准制备技术框架
Figure 9. Technical framework for precise preparation of coal-based solid waste filling materials
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图 12 管输特性影响因素分析
Figure 12. Analysis of influencing factors of pipeline transport characteristics
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图 15 煤基固废充填材料扩散固结特性
Figure 15. Diffusion consolidation characteristics of coal-based solid waste filling materials
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图 16 充填材料与围岩系统稳定性的影响因素
Figure 16. Factors affecting the stability of filling materials and surrounding rock system
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图 17 充填材料与环境的多场耦合机制
Figure 17. Multi-field coupling mechanism between filling materials and environment
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图 18 多层位立体充填示范工程
Figure 18. Demonstration project of multi-layer three-dimensional filling
表 1 多层位立体空间充填评价指标的对比分析
Table 1 Comparative analysis of evaluation indexes for multi- layer three-dimensional space filling
指标属性 评价指标 高位充填 原位充填 低位充填 技术性能 充填材料性能 流动性要求高 承载性与稳定性要求高 流动性与泌水性要求高 充填效率 较高 较低 较高 适应能力 首采煤层或离层空间发育 直接顶坚硬且完整 直接顶破碎、随采随落 经济效益 成本投入 中等 较高 中等 产出效益 生态效益显著 经济效益显著 灾害控制效益显著 投资收益 周期较长 周期较短 周期适中 资源利用 材料来源 较广 较广 有限 资源节约 减少地表沉陷、保护土地资源 提高资源回收率 减少采空区灾害 固废处置 较好 较好 有限 安全性能 顶板控制 关键层控制较好 最佳 较好 围岩控制 较好、受离层空间限制 最佳 较好 灾害控制 有效控制采空区灾害 有效控制采空区灾害 有效解决破碎顶板灾害 环境减损 地表沉陷控制 最佳 较好 一般(处置固废为主) 生态修复 最佳 较好 一般 环境污染控制 较好 较好 一般 
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