Review on preparation and comprehensive performance research of cemented paste backfill for solid waste from mining, beneficiation, metallurgy and chemical industries
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摘要:
固废基胶结充填技术作为实现绿色矿山建设与工业固废协同处置的核心载体，其材料设计与性能调控已成为矿业工程领域的研究热点。针对采−选−冶−化多源工业固废（采掘废石、选矿尾砂、冶金炉渣、化工废料等）物化特性差异显著导致的充填体性能离散化问题，系统综述了多源固废在充填材料中的角色差异，以及不同固废基充填材料在流变、强度、环境方面的综合性能。主要包括：系统综述了不同工业固废基充填材料的来源、性能及用途，发现典型工业固废（尾砂、钢渣、粉煤灰等）的化学组分呈现显著互补性，SiO2、CaO和Al2O3的梯度分布为协同胶凝提供了物质基础；总结了不同工业固废基充填材料的流变性能、管输阻力计算方式、强度分布及优化手段，分析了固废基充填材料的屈服应力、黏度及抗压强度的分布范围及规律，发现粒径级配优化与聚羧酸减水剂的复合调控可有效降低管道输送阻力，选用恰当的激发剂和辅助胶凝材配比可有效提高充填体强度；评价了固废基充填材料在不同时间尺度下的环境污染风险，系统梳理了固废基充填材料中有害元素的浸出机制和固化机制，总结了矿山充填污染治理现状，发现提高固废基充填材料的水化反应进程和添加多孔物质可有效控制污染元素的扩散。研究成果对于推动采−选−冶−化行业的可持续发展、缓解固废处置压力、提升资源综合利用率以及促进绿色矿山建设具有重要意义。
Abstract:As the core carrier for realizing the construction of green mines and co-disposal of industrial solid wastes, solid waste-based cemented paste backfill (SCPB) technology has become a hot research topic in the field of mining engineering in terms of material design and performance regulation. Aiming at the problem of discrete performance of SCPB caused by the significant difference in physical and chemical properties of industrial solid wastes from multiple sources (waste rock from mining, tailings from mineral processing, metallurgical slag, chemical wastes, etc.), the differences in the roles of solid wastes from multiple sources in the backfill materials and the comprehensive performance of different SCPB in terms of rheology, strength, and environmental aspects are systematically reviewed. It mainly includes: A systematic review was conducted on the sources, properties and uses of different SCPB. It was found that the chemical components of typical industrial solid wastes (tailings, steel slag, fly ash, etc.) exhibit significant complementarity, and the gradient distribution of SiO2, CaO, and Al2O3 provides a material basis for synergistic coagulation; The rheological properties, calculation of pipeline resistance, strength distribution and optimization means of different SCPB were systematically summarized, and the distribution ranges and laws of the yield stress, viscosity and compressive strength of SCPB were analyzed. It was found that the composite control of particle size grading optimization and polycarboxylate water reducing agent can effectively reduce pipeline transportation resistance. Selecting appropriate activator and auxiliary cementitious material ratios can effectively improve the strength of the SCPB; This study evaluated the environmental pollution risk of SCPB in different time scales, systematically sorted out the leaching mechanism and solidification mechanisms of harmful elements in SCPB, and summarized the current situation of mine backfill pollution control. It was found that improving the hydration reaction process of SCPB and adding porous materials can effectively control the diffusion of pollutants. The research results are of great significance in promoting the sustainable development of the mining, processing, metallurgy and chemical industries, alleviating the pressure of solid waste disposal, improving the comprehensive utilization rate of resources and promoting the construction of green mines.
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图 1 固废充填骨料分类
Figure 1. Classification of solid waste-based cemented paste backfill aggregates
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图 3 固废基充填料浆管道输送的屈服应力分布
Figure 3. Yield stress distribution of solid waste-based cemented paste backfill slurry pipeline transportation
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图 4 固废基充填材料管道输送的黏度分布
Figure 4. Viscosity distribution of solid waste-based cemented paste backfill slurry pipeline transportation
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图 5 管道输送沿程阻力计算方法[34]
注：i为水力坡度，Pa/m；D为管道直径，m；τy为料浆屈服应力，Pa；ηB为料浆塑性黏度，Pa·s；ν为料浆流速，m/s；ic为水平直管单位长度料浆水力坡度，kPa/m；i0为水平直管单位长度清水水力坡度，kPa/m；k为常数，k=80～150；ρs为固体物料密度，t/m3；ρ0为清水密度，t/m3；g为重力加速度，9.8 m/s2；Cv为料浆体积分数，%；Cx为固体颗粒沉降阻力系数，%；ρ为充填料浆密度，t/m3。
Figure 5. Calculation method for resistance along pipeline transportation[34]
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图 7 固废基充填材料的单轴抗压强度（28 d）
Figure 7. Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of solid waste-based backfill material (28 days)
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图 9 固废基充填体强度优化方法
Figure 9. Optimization method for solid waste-based cemented paste backfill body strength
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图 10 固废基充填材料对环境的影响
Figure 10. Impact of solid waste-based cemented paste backfill materials on environment
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图 11 固废基充填体中污染元素浸出与固化机制
Figure 11. Leaching and solidification mechanism of pollutant elements in solid waste-based cemented paste backfill material
表 1 固废基充填胶凝材料主要化学成分[11, 15, 17, 22-25]
Table 1 Main chemical components of solid waste-based cemented paste backfill materials[11, 15, 17, 22-25]
矿物 各组分质量分数/% 误差/% CaO SiO2 Al2O3 MgO SO3 Fe2O3 Na2O MnO FeO K2O TiO2 钢渣 36.77 18.57 4.22 9.24 0.43 19.85 — 4.19 — 0.27 — 0.06 高炉矿渣 35.41 33.58 15.22 8.57 1.51 0.62 — — — — — — 镍渣 22.69 36.62 6.97 28.81 1.08 0.27 0.16 — 3.01 — — 0.13 锂渣 22.69 36.62 28.81 1.08 0.27 0.16 3.01 — — 6.97 — 0.26 粉煤灰−PC灰 1.1～6.6 37～58 24～37 0.4～1.5 0.4～3.0 1～7 — — — — — 4.8～8.0 粉煤灰−CFB灰 4～18 27～50 14～30 0.2～2.0 1～13 3～13 — — — — — 2.3～15.0 煤气化渣 8.65 55.30 19.14 1.14 0.66 9.79 1.45 — — 2.44 1.16 — 铜渣 10.72 24.01 6.77 2.61 — 41.24 3.08 — — — — — 
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表 2 充填料浆管道输送阻力计算公式
Table 2 Calculation formula for pipeline transportation resistance of cemented paste backfill slurry
公式 计算式 参数说明 应用范围 白金汉流动方程 $ i = \dfrac{{16}}{{3D}}{\tau _{\text{y}}} + \dfrac{{32\nu }}{{{D^{_2}}}} {\eta _{\text{B}}} $ i为水力坡度，Pa/m；D为管道直径，m；τy为料浆屈服应力，Pa；ηB为料浆塑性黏度，Pa·s；ν为料浆流速，m/s 结构流充填料浆 杜兰德公式 $ {i_{\text{c}}} = {i_{0}} \left[ {1 + k {C_v}{{\left( {\dfrac{{gD}}{{{v^2}}} \dfrac{{{\rho _{\text{s}}} - {\rho _{0}}}}{{{\rho _{0}}}} \dfrac{1}{{\sqrt {{C_{\text{x}}}} }}} \right)}^{1.5}}} \right] $
$ {C_{\text{x}}} = \dfrac{4}{3} \dfrac{{{d_{{\text{cp}}}}\left( {{\rho _{\text{s}}} - {\rho _{0}}} \right)}}{{{\rho _{0}}{v^2}}} $ic为水平直管单位长度料浆水力坡度，kPa/m；i0为水平直管单位长度清水水力坡度，kPa/m；k为常数，k=80～150；ρs为固体物料密度，t/m3；ρ0为清水密度，t/m3；g为重力加速度，9.8 m/s2；D为管径，m；ν为浆体流速，m/s；Cv为料浆体积分数，%；Cx为固体颗粒沉降阻力系数，%；dcp为颗粒平均粒径，cm 管径19.1～584.4 mm、粒径0.1～25.4 mm、流速0.61～6 m/s 北京有色冶金设计研究总院公式 $ {i_{\text{c}}} = {i_{0}}\left( {1 + \dfrac{{{C_{\text{w}}}}}{{1 - {C_{\text{w}}}}} \dfrac{1}{{{v^2}}}} \right)\dfrac{{{\rho _{\text{g}}}}}{{{\rho _{0}}}} $ ic为水平直管单位长度料浆水力坡度，kPa/m；i0为水平直管单位长度清水水力坡度，kPa/m；ρg为固体物料密度，t/m3；ρ0为清水密度，t/m3；ν为料浆流速，m/s；Cw为料浆质量分数，% 金川似均质流公式 $ {i_{\text{c}}} = {i_{0}}\left\{ {1 + 106.9{C_v}^{4.42}{{\left[ {\dfrac{{gD\left( {{\rho _{\text{s}}} - 1} \right)}}{{{v^2}\sqrt {{C_{\text{x}}}} }}} \right]}^{1.78}}} \right\} $ ic为水平直管单位长度料浆水力坡度，kPa/m；i0为水平直管单位长度清水水力坡度，kPa/m；Cv为料浆体积分数，% 似均质料浆 $ {i_{\text{c}}} = {i_{0}}\left\{ {1 + 108{C_v}^{3.96}{{\left[ {\dfrac{{gD\left( {{\rho _{\text{s}}} - 1} \right)}}{{{v^2}\sqrt {{C_{\text{x}}}} }}} \right]}^{1.12}}} \right\} $ Cx为固体颗粒沉降阻力系数，%；ν为料浆流速，m/s；D为管道的直径，m；ρs为固体物料密度，t/m3 非均质料浆 长沙矿冶研究院管输阻力计算公式 $ {i_{\text{c}}} = \left\{ {1 + 3.68\dfrac{{\sqrt {gD} }}{v}\left( {\dfrac{{\rho - {\rho _{0}}}}{{{\rho _{0}}}}} \right)} \right\}\dfrac{\rho }{{{\rho _{0}}}}{i_{0}} $ ic为水平直管单位长度料浆水力坡度，kPa/m；i0为水平直管单位长度清水水力坡度，kPa/m；D为管道直径，m；ρ为充填料浆密度，t/m3；ρ0为清水密度，t/m3；ν为料浆流速，m/s
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