Research progress and innovative pathways for the large-scaled green and low-carbon utilization of coal-based solid wastes
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摘要:
煤炭的开采与加工为我国提供了可靠的能源保障和关键的化工原料，有力地推动了工业的快速发展和社会的进步。然而，这一过程也产生了巨量的煤基固废。煤基固废不仅占用了大量土地资源，还对环境造成了不同程度的污染，尤其是在长期堆存过程中，可能释放有害气体、重金属及其他有毒物质，威胁水源、空气和土壤安全。如何高效且规模化地利用煤基固废，成为当前实现资源循环利用、减少环境污染的关键技术挑战。通过分析煤基固废的产生、分类、特性及其环境影响，对现有煤基固废进行了重新归类，系统总结了其在矿山充填、建筑材料及生态修复等领域的成熟规模化利用模式，提出了煤基固废绿色低碳利用的创新路径。研究表明：① 煤基固废可归类为变性和原性煤基固废两大类，其中变性煤基固废具有开发胶凝材料和固碳功能材料的潜力，而原性煤基固废则具备天然砂石骨料和土壤材料的特性；② 当前，煤基固废的主要规模化利用模式包括矿山充填（如胶凝材料、膏体充填和注浆充填）、建筑材料（如水泥辅料、筑路材料和预制件）、生态修复（如坍陷区回填、荒地复垦和土壤改良）和资源提取利用（炭质组分、铝、硫和稀有元素）；③ 提出了煤基固废分级分质全组分利用的新技术，通过提取高价值组分并将剩余组分用于采空区充填，实现其最大化资源利用；④ 探讨了煤基固废改性协同处置高盐废水、改性充填协同储库构筑及功能性储库协同封存危险固废的创新技术。上述研究旨在提高大宗煤基固废的资源利用效率，推动煤炭产业绿色转型，为煤炭资源的可持续发展提供新路径。
Abstract:Coal mining and processing have provided China with reliable energy security and essential chemical raw materials, significantly driving industrial development and social progress. However, this process has also resulted in the production of large amounts of coal-based solid waste. These wastes not only occupy vast land resources but also cause varying degrees of environmental pollution, especially during long-term storage, when they may release harmful gases, heavy metals, and other toxic substances, posing a threat to water, air, and soil safety. Therefore, efficiently and large-scale utilization of coal-based solid waste has become a key technical challenge in achieving resource recycling and reducing environmental pollution. Based on an analysis of the generation, classification, characteristics, and environmental impacts of coal-based solid waste, this paper reclassifies existing coal-based solid waste and systematically summarizes its mature large-scale utilization models in areas such as mine backfilling, construction materials, and ecological restoration. It also proposes innovative pathways for the green and low-carbon utilization of coal-based solid waste. The study shows that: ① Coal-based solid waste can be classified into two categories: denatured and original coal-based solid waste, with denatured coal-based solid waste having the potential to develop cementing materials and carbon sequestration functions, while original coal-based solid waste possesses the characteristics of natural aggregates and soil materials; ② Currently, the main large-scale utilization models of coal-based solid waste include mine backfilling (such as cementing materials, paste backfilling, and grout backfilling), construction materials (such as cement supplementary materials, road materials, and precast components), ecological restoration (such as filling of subsidence areas, reclamation of wastelands, and soil improvement), and resource extraction and utilization (carbonaceous components, aluminium, sulfur and rare elements); ③ A new technology for graded, quality-specific, and full-component utilization of coal-based solid waste is proposed, which extracts high-value components and uses the remaining components for backfilling of mined-out areas, maximizing resource utilization; ④ Innovative technologies for modifying and co-disposing of high-salinity wastewater, modifying backfill for co-constructing storage facilities, and co-sequestering hazardous solid waste in functional storage are discussed. This research aims to improve the resource utilization efficiency of bulk coal-based solid waste, promote the green transformation of the coal industry, and provide new pathways for the sustainable development of coal resources.
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图 3 煤基固废地表堆存的环境影响[48]
Figure 3. Impact of multi-source coal-based solid waste stockpiling on surface environment
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图 5 煤基固废建材规模化处置模式
Figure 5. Large scale disposal mode of coal-based solid waste building materials
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图 7 煤基固废资源提取利用
Figure 7. Resources extraction and utilization from coal-based solid wastes
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图 8 煤矸石分级分质全组分利用技术路径
Figure 8. Technical path for the utilization of all components of coal gangue
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图 9 煤矸石分级分质产出“煤+砂+石+土”产品
Figure 9. Coal, sand, stone and soil originating from gangue classification
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图 10 煤基固废改性充填协同储库构筑[104]
Figure 10. Modified coal-based solid wastes backfilling collaborative storage construction
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图 11 镁–煤渣协同处置IHSW的水化机理
Figure 11. Hydration mechanism of IHSW treated with magnesium and cinder
表 1 煤矸石分类方法
Table 1 Classification methods of coal gangue
按全硫含量分 按灰分分类 按灰成分分类 按铝硅比分级 类别名称 全硫含量(Cts)/% 类别名称 灰分A/% 类别名称 钙镁质量分数 类别名称 铝硅比 低硫煤矸石 Cts≤1.0 低灰煤矸石 A≤70.0 钙镁型煤矸石 w(CaO)+w(MgO)＞10 低级铝硅比煤矸石 w(Al2O3)/w(SiO2)≤0.30 中硫煤矸石 1.0＜Cts≤3.0 中灰煤矸石 70.0＜A≤85.0 铝硅型煤矸石 w(CaO)+w(MgO)≤10 中级铝硅比煤矸石 0.30＜w(Al2O3)/w(SiO2)≤0.50 中高硫煤矸石 3.0＜Cts≤6.0 高灰煤矸石 A＞85.0 高级铝硅比煤矸石 w(Al2O3)/w(SiO2)＞0.50 高硫煤矸石 Cts＞6.0 
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表 2 煤泥分类方法
Table 2 Classification of coal slime
按照来源分类 按粒径大小分类 按灰分分类 类别名称 粒径d /mm 类别名称 灰分A/% 浮选尾煤 粗煤泥 d＞0.5 低灰煤泥 20＜A≤32 煤水混合物煤泥 细煤泥 0.074＜d＜0.5 中灰煤泥 32＜A≤55 矿井排水夹带的煤泥 微细粒煤泥 d＜0.074 高灰煤泥 A＞55
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表 3 粉煤灰分类方法
Table 3 Classification of fly ash
按炉型分类 按燃煤品种分类 按钙含量分类 按粒径分类 按pH值分类 类别名称 类别名称 类别名称 CaO质量分数/% 类别名称 最大粒径/mm 类别名称 pH值范围 煤粉炉粉煤灰（PC灰） 无烟煤粉煤灰 高钙粉煤灰（C类） > 10 Ⅰ级粉煤灰 0.08 酸性灰 1.2 ~ 7 循环流化床粉煤灰（CFB灰） 烟煤粉煤灰 低钙粉煤灰（F类） <10 Ⅱ级粉煤灰 0.15 弱碱性灰 8 ~ 9 次烟煤粉煤灰 Ⅲ级粉煤灰 0.30 强碱性灰 11 ~ 13 褐煤粉煤灰 Ⅳ级粉煤灰 0.60
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表 4 煤气化渣分类方法
Table 4 Classification of coal gasification slag
按粒径/排出位置分类 按化学成分分类 按孔隙结构分类 按比表面积分类 按密度分类 类别名称 排出方式 类别名称 特点 类别名称 特点 类别名称 特点 类别名称 特点 煤气化
细渣由气化炉
底部排渣
锁斗排出硅质渣 SiO2含量高 多孔
结构渣孔隙丰富，
比表面
积高高比表
面积渣粒径小、
孔隙丰富，
吸附强高密度渣 结构致密，
力学强
度高煤气化
粗渣气化炉顶
部由粗煤
气携出铝质渣 Al2O3含量高 少孔
结构渣孔隙较少，
结构相
对致密低比表
面积渣比表面
积较小低密度渣 孔隙率高，
轻质成
分多钙质渣 CaO含量高，以化合物为主 铁质渣 Fe2O3含量高，游离态、结合态 碳质渣 粗渣残炭量5%～30%
细渣残炭量30%～50%
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表 5 原性与变性煤基固废对比
Table 5 Comparison of original and denatured coal-based solid wastes
类别 固废名称 来源 细分亚类 产生情况 主要特征 主要元素 主要组分 原性煤基固废 煤矸石 煤炭开采/分选 掘进矸石 常温分选 炭质、泥质和砂质页岩的
混合物，低发热值，含炭20%～30%Al、Si、Fe、
Ca、Li、Ga炭质、Al2O3、SiO2 开采矸石 分选矸石 煤泥 煤炭分选 炼焦煤浮选尾煤 水中分选 粒度细，黏性大，含水量高 动力煤浮选尾煤 变性煤基固废 粉煤灰 电厂/锅炉 未细分 >1 200 ℃，急冷 微球状，比表面积大，
高水化活性Al、Si、Fe、
Ca、Li、Ga玻璃相、莫来石/
刚玉、铁质微珠煤气化渣 气化炉 细渣 >1 200 ℃，急冷 气化炉顶部由粗煤气携出 C、Al、Si、Fe、Ca、Li、Ga 炭质一般>30%，玻
璃相组分10%～30%粗渣 气化炉底部排出的含水渣 炉底渣 电厂/锅炉 煤渣 1 300 ～1 500 ℃ 排出温度高，需粉碎并
冷却后再排放到灰库Al、Si、Fe、Ca Al2O3、SiO2、
FeO、CaO
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表 6 煤基固废规模化利用主要途径、评价指标和相关标准
Table 6 Main approaches, evaluation indicators and relevant standards for the large-scale utilization of coal-based solid wastes
途径 细类 适用固废 主要评价指标 部分标准依据 矿井充填领域 胶结充填 CG, CS, FA 有机质含量、水溶性盐总量、pH值、重金属、污染性有机物、
炭含量、泥质含量、含水率、粒径等GB 18599
NB/T 11432充填固废胶凝材料 CGS, FA, FS 注浆充填 CG, CS, FA, FS 建材制备领域 水泥辅材 FA, FS 细度、需水量比、烧失量、含水率、w(SO3)、w(f-CaO)、w(SiO2+Al2O3+ Fe2O3)、密度、安定性、强度活性指数、铵离子含量、压碎值、强度、粒径、泥质含量、放射性等 GB/T 1596
GBT 27974
DB 13/T 5527
JC/T 525
GB/T 29162
GB/T 29163制备混凝土 CG, FA 混凝土预制建材 CG, FA, CGS, FS 矸石路基材料 CG 压实标准、强度、粒径、压碎值 陶瓷砖、陶粒等 CG, FA, FS 铅和镉的溶出量、放射性核素含量等 GB/T 42350 生态修复领域 矿区回填 CS, FA, CGS 有机质含量、水溶性盐总量、pH值、重金属等 GB 18599 盐碱地改良 CG, CS, CGS, FS 风沙地改良 CG, CS, FA, CGS 肥料 CG, CS 灰分、有机质含量、污染物含量 GB/T 29163 资源提取领域 碳质资源 CG, CS, CGS 炭含量、基低位发热量、灰分、硫分、水分 GB/T 29162
GB/T 29163
GB/T 39201提取铝、镓等 CG, FA, FS Al2O3含量、铝硅比、附水 提取硫精矿 CG, CS 黄铁矿含量 提取高岭土 CG, CS 高岭土质量分数 提取锂盐 FA, FS Li含量 — 注：CG, CS, FA, CGS, FS分别指代煤矸石、煤泥、粉煤灰、煤气化渣、燃煤炉渣。
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表 7 IHSW的水质特征
Table 7 Water quality characteristics of IHSW
项目 数值 溶解性总固体(TDS)/(mg·L−1) 8750.69 ρ(钠离子)/(mg·L−1) 3612.85 ρ(钙离子)/(mg·L−1) 462.95 ρ(硫酸根离子)/(mg·L−1) 4514.43 ρ(总氯)/(mg·L−1) 4456.12 pH值 8.86
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