Current situation of comprehensive utilization of coal gangue and exploration of ways of high-value utilization:A case study of China National Coal Group Corporation
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摘要:
在“双碳”目标背景下，煤炭作为国家能源安全的基石，其绿色开发对我国经济建设和社会发展具有战略意义。中国中煤能源集团有限公司凭借丰富的煤炭资源储量，在保障国家能源供应中发挥重要作用。然而，煤炭资源高产高效回采的同时产生大量煤矸石，造成土壤、大气、水体等污染，煤矸石的不合理处置与非资源化利用问题已成为制约矿区绿色发展的主要瓶颈。调研了中国中煤煤矸石的分布特征、理化性质及利用方式，系统梳理了煤矸石综合利用政策，详细阐述了煤矸石在发电利用、生产建材、化工产品制备、有益矿产回收、农业应用、井下充填及土地复垦等方面的原理和技术路线，调研了中国中煤所属矿井矸石应用进展。结果表明：矿井位于8省20个矿区，受煤矿地质条件、开采技术条件和分选条件影响，矸石分布呈现范围广、结构复杂、类型多样等特征；安徽、江苏、河南和黑龙江煤矸石综合利用呈现“周边辐射型”特点，山西、陕西、内蒙古、新疆地区煤矸石综合利用呈现“自给自足型”应用特点。煤矸石以砂岩、黏土岩、铝质岩为主，其理化性质具备多元利用潜力，但是综合利用方式缺乏系统型、复合型、引领型的科学利用途径，对此提出了煤矸石梯级回收结合资源化利用、源头减量化开采及矿化CO2负碳充填3项建议。研究成果对中国中煤优化煤炭产业布局、促进煤矸石高值化利用、保护矿区生态环境以及贯彻落实“双碳”目标具有重要的指导意义。
Abstract:In the context of the “double carbon” goal, coal is the cornerstone of national energy security, and its green development is of strategic significance to my country’s economic construction and social development. Relying on its rich coal resource reserves, China Coal plays an important role in ensuring the country’s energy supply. However, while high-yield and efficient mining of coal resources, a large amount of coal gangue is produced, causing pollution to soil, air, water and other countries. The issue of reasonable disposal and resource utilization of coal gangue has become the main bottleneck restricting the green development of mining area. The distribution characteristics, physical and chemical properties and utilization methods of coal gangue in China were investigated, the comprehensive utilization policies of coal gangue were systematically sorted out, and the use of coal gangue in power generation utilization, production of building materials, preparation of chemical products, recycling of beneficial minerals, and agriculture were elaborated. The principles and technical routes of utilization methods in aspects such as application, underground filling and land reclamation were investigated, and the application progress of coal gangue in mines belonging to China Coal was investigated. The results show that the mine is located in 20 mining areas in 8 provinces. Affected by coal mine geological conditions, mining technical conditions and washing conditions, the distribution of gangue presents the characteristics of wide range, complex structure, and diverse types; the comprehensive utilization of coal gangue in Anhui, Jiangsu, Henan and Heilongjiang regions presents the characteristics of “peripheral radiation”, and the comprehensive utilization of coal gangue in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang regions presents the characteristics of “self-sufficiency” application. Most of the coal gangue is composed of sandstone, clay rock, and aluminous rock, and its physical and chemical properties have multiple utilization potential. However, the comprehensive utilization method lacks systematic, compound, and leading scientific utilization methods. In this regard, a combination of cascade recovery of coal gangue is proposed. Three suggestions are proposed: resource utilization, source reduction mining, and mineralized CO2 negative carbon filling. The research results have important guiding significance for China Coal to optimize the layout of the coal industry, promote the high-value utilization of coal gangue, protect the ecological environment of the Kuangqu, and implement the “double carbon” goal.
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图 1 煤矸石利用相关政策及要点
Figure 1. Policies and key points related to the utilization of coal gangue
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图 7 煤矸石规模化利用现场实拍
Figure 7. Large-scale utilization of coal gangue on-site real shooting
表 1 化学组分测试
Table 1 Chemical composition testing
% 煤矸石来源 w(SiO2) w(Al2O3) w(TiO2) w(Fe2O3) w(MnO) w(MgO) w(CaO) w(Na2O) w(K2O) w(P2O5) 烧失量LOI 葫芦素煤矿 44.76 12.88 0.62 20.83 0.03 1.27 0.52 0.64 2.07 0.09 16.64 南梁煤矿 59.97 18.22 0.77 4.16 0.05 1.70 0.56 1.44 3.23 0.10 10.08 大海则煤矿 68.99 18.38 0.75 1.26 0.01 0.56 0.53 1.06 2.94 0.05 5.84 小回沟煤矿 66.81 24.17 0.75 4.14 0.11 1.02 0.90 0.25 2.01 0.12 11.19 禾草沟煤矿 59.78 30.76 0.66 3.47 0.06 1.26 0.60 0.33 2.22 0.05 18.92 华昱洗煤厂 59.82 38.21 0.35 0.23 <0.01 0.04 0.06 0.02 0.31 0.02 13.26 新集一矿 67.93 28.35 0.72 2.45 0.04 0.54 0.51 1.12 2.38 0.17 12.09 白羊岭煤矿 62.18 31.09 0.91 4.89 0.11 1.23 0.34 0.96 2.66 0.21 10.06 高家庄煤矿 59.44 37.98 0.45 3.19 0.05 1.66 2.33 1.19 3.05 0.44 11.56 王家岭煤矿 48.55 31.13 0.80 2.37 <0.01 0.26 0.39 0.36 0.61 0.06 15.42 孔庄煤矿 48.73 31.78 0.50 3.41 0.01 0.12 0.36 0.12 0.03 0.02 15.59 徐庄煤矿 55.95 26.52 0.42 1.86 0.01 0.12 0.35 0.13 0.04 0.02 15.04 姚桥煤矿 57.79 25.34 1.02 3.48 0.01 0.28 0.37 0.02 1.53 0.05 9.86 芒来露天矿 55.12 26.94 0.73 2.11 0.01 0.13 0.36 0.11 0.10 0.02 14.80 大南湖七号煤矿 53.06 20.60 0.97 3.27 0.03 1.96 0.79 0.56 2.85 0.14 7.45 注：煤矸石样品受取样时间、取样地点等因素影响，部分数据与现场实际略有差异。 
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表 2 矸石资源属性分类
Table 2 Classification of Gangue Resources Attributes
省份 矿区 矿井 含碳量（热值） 灰分产率 灰分成分 岩石类型 陕西 子长矿区 禾草沟煤矿 二类煤矸石 中灰煤矸石 高铝硅比 黏土岩矸石 榆横矿区 大海则煤矿 一类煤矸石 高灰煤矸石 低铝硅比 砂岩质矸石 神府矿区 南梁煤矿 一类煤矸石 高灰煤矸石 中铝硅比 砂岩质矸石 内蒙古 呼吉尔特矿区 葫芦素煤矿 二类煤矸石 高灰煤矸石 低铝硅比 黏土岩矸石 露天矿 芒来露天矿 一类煤矸石 高灰煤矸石 中铝硅比 砂岩质矸石 新疆 哈密矿区 大南湖七号煤矿 二类煤矸石 高灰煤矸石 中铝硅比 黏土岩矸石 山西 平朔矿区 华昱洗煤厂 一类煤矸石 高灰煤矸石 高铝硅比 铝质岩矸石 西山矿区 小回沟煤矿 一类煤矸石 高灰煤矸石 中铝硅比 砂岩质矸石 离柳矿区 高家庄煤矿 一类煤矸石 高灰煤矸石 高铝硅比 铝质岩矸石 阳泉矿区 白羊岭煤矿 一类煤矸石 高灰煤矸石 中铝硅比 黏土岩矸石 乡宁矿区 王家岭煤矿 四类煤矸石 高灰煤矸石 高铝硅比 黏土岩矸石 江苏 大屯矿区 孔庄煤矿 二类煤矸石 高灰煤矸石 高铝硅比 黏土岩矸石 徐庄煤矿 二类煤矸石 高灰煤矸石 中铝硅比 黏土岩矸石 姚桥煤矿 一类煤矸石 高灰煤矸石 中铝硅比 黏土岩矸石 安徽 新集矿区 新集一矿 一类煤矸石 高灰煤矸石 中铝硅比 砂岩质矸石
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表 3 部分矸石利用供热机组统计
Table 3 Statistics of some gangue utilization heating units
序号 电厂 机组规模/MW 供热量/1013 J 1 安徽宣城电厂 630+660 82.76 2 甘肃靖远二电 4×330 173.16 3 新疆伊犁电厂 2×330 575.34 4 河南姚孟电厂 3×300+2×630 496.68 5 江苏大屯热电 2×350 306.95 6 山西晋城热电 2×300 641.07 7 山西王家岭电厂 2×50 45.23 8 山西安平电厂 2×150 176.97 9 山西塔山电厂 2×135 356.77
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表 4 部分矿井制砖情况统计
Table 4 Statistics on brick making in some mines
序号 矿井 矸石利用量/(万t·a−1) 成本/(元·t−1) 1 母杜柴登煤矿 18.00 −53.50 2 王家岭煤矿 3.80 — 3 裕丰煤矿 12.00 +3.00 4 平山煤矿 7.36 — 5 大屯洗煤中心 147.00 — 6 刘庄煤矿 170.00 +32.70 7 新集二矿 67.50 +32.70 8 口孜东煤矿 55.00 — 9 王行庄煤矿 17.10 — 10 新登煤矿 13.10 +5.00 11 依兰三矿 3.50 —
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