Key technologies and practices for safe, efficient, and intelligent mining of deep coal resources
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摘要:
深地煤炭资源地质赋存复杂，智能化开采是深地资源安全、高效、绿色发展的必由之路。智能化开采成套技术与装备能否适应千米深井复杂地质环境、控制围岩稳定并驱动装备跟随煤层自动推进是影响煤炭安全高效开采、减少作业人员、降低劳动强度的关键。山东能源集团聚焦千米深井智能化开采围岩控制理论，提出了以强度耦合、刚度耦合和稳定性耦合为核心的支架−围岩智能耦合关系，并形成与之相适应的智能耦合控制逻辑；为突破超大采高智能综采开采工艺及超高煤壁围岩控制技术瓶颈，提出了超大采高液压支架工作阻力“双因素控制法”，发明了三滚筒采煤机及其配套开采方法，研制了与超大采高智能综采相匹配的液压支架及配套系统；针对超大采高综放开采智能化放煤理论与围岩控制难题，提出超大采高综放支架−围岩耦合协调采放空间控制方法，创新了超大采高综放“马鞍形”开采工艺，研制了7 m超大采高智能综放开采液压支架及配套系统；研发了无反复支撑、快速循环自移的单元式超前支架，解决了回采巷道超前支护距离长、支护技术与装备适应性差的问题；开发了基于惯导和精准地质模型的智能采煤控制系统，解决了深部矿井工作面设备智能控制及困扰连续生产的难题；搭建了千米深井智能化开采综合管控平台，实现了千米深井重大灾害多源异构数据融合与管控。上述核心技术在山东能源集团赵楼煤矿7302工作面、东滩煤矿3308工作面等多个工作面进行了智能化开采示范建设，取得了良好的应用效果，所获成果整体推动了我国深地煤炭资源安全高效智能化开采水平，可以为类似矿井智能化工作面建设提供理论与技术借鉴。
Abstract:The geological conditions of deep coal resources are complex, and intelligent mining is the only way for the safe, efficient, and green development of deep coal resources. The complete set of intelligent mining technology and equipment that adapts to the complex geological environment of a kilometer deep well, controls the stability of surrounding rock, and drives the equipment to automatically advance along with the coal seam is the key to affecting safe and efficient coal mining, reducing operating personnel, and reducing labor intensity. Focusing on the theory of intelligent mining surrounding rock control for kilometer deep mines, the intelligent coupling relationship between hydraulic support and surrounding rock is proposed with strength coupling, stiffness coupling, and stability coupling, and a corresponding intelligent coupling control logic is formed. In order to break through the bottleneck of ultra-large mining height intelligent fully mechanized mining technology and super-high coal wall control technology, the “dual factor control method” for the working resistance of hydraulic support is put forward, the three-drum shearer and its mining method are invented, and the hydraulic support and supporting system matching with ultra-large mining height intelligent fully mechanized top coal mining are developed. To solve the problems of intelligent coal caving theory and surrounding rock control in fully-mechanized top-coal caving mining with ultra-large mining height, a control method that utilizes the intelligent coupling relationship between the support and surrounding rock to coordinate the mining and caving space is proposed. By studying the transport law of the top coal, the “saddle shaped” mining process of ultra-large mining height fully-mechanized top-coal caving is innovated. Then, an intelligent hydraulic support and supporting system for fully-mechanized top-coal caving mining with a height of 7 meters are developed. Aiming at the problems of long advance support distance and poor adaptability of support technology and equipment in mining roadway, a unit advance support with no repeated support and fast cycle self-moving is developed. An intelligent coal mining control system based on inertial navigation and precise geological model is developed, which solves the problems of intelligent control of equipment and continuous production in deep mine working face. Finally, a comprehensive management and control platform for intelligent mining of kilometer deep mines is established, achieving multi-source heterogeneous data fusion and control of major disasters in kilometer deep mines. The above intelligent mining technologies have been demonstrated and constructed in multiple working faces such as Zhaolou Coal Mine 7302 working face and Dongtan Coal Mine 3308 working face, and good application results have been achieved. The achievements have overall promoted the level of safe, efficient, and intelligent mining of deep coal resources in China, and can provide theoretical and technical references for the construction of intelligent chemical working faces in similar mines.
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图 1 支架−围岩多因素耦合及相互作用关系
N—立柱数量；K—立柱刚度；β—立柱倾角；E1—顶底板岩体弹性模量；Lk—控顶距；d—水平合力与底板的距离；b—煤壁片帮深度；α1—岩层破断角；H1—煤壁高度；E2—煤体弹性模量；I—惯性矩；P—工作面压力；α2—煤层倾角；B—支架宽度；f1—支架与顶板摩擦因数；f2—支架与底板摩擦系数；H2—支架高度；h—支架中心高度；W—支架重力；F—液压支架工作阻力
Figure 1. Coupling requirements and interaction relationship between support and surrounding rock
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图 2 支架−围岩智能耦合控制逻辑
Figure 2. Intelligent coupling control logic of support and surrounding rock
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图 3 围岩−支架协同控制结构模型
Figure 3. Structural model for collaborative control of surrounding rock and support
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图 4 “马鞍形”工作面布置与开采工艺特征
Figure 4. Layout and mining process characteristics of “saddle shaped” panel
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图 5 大尺寸液压传动机理与连续破煤装置
Figure 5. Large size hydraulic transmission mechanism and continuous coal breaking device
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图 7 立柱与顶梁连接方式优化
Figure 7. Optimization of connection structure between column and top beam
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图 11 即时定位协同交互仿真平台
Figure 11. Real-time positioning collaborative interactive simulation platform
支架高度/m 2.2～4.8 顶梁宽度/mm 1 000 顶梁长度/mm 2 040 工作阻力/kN 2 000 初撑力/kN 1 980 支护强度/MPa 1 泵站压力/MPa 31.5 操纵方式 电液控制 立柱数量/(根·架−1) 2 立柱型式 双伸缩 初撑力/kN 990 额定工作阻力/kN 1 000 立柱缸径/mm ø200/ø160 立柱杆径/mm ø190/ø130 
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表 1 采煤机三维坐标转换及误差
Table 1 Three dimensional coordinate conversion and error of coal mining machine
移动后特征点 实测绝对坐标 三维坐标转换绝对坐标 误差 东距E/m 北距N/m 高程Z/m 东距E/m 北距N/m 高程Z/m ΔE/m ΔN/m ΔZ/m GD1 20400662.143 3916150.080 873.374 20400662.16 3916150.051 873.420 0.020 −0.029 −0.046 GD2 20400662.369 3916149.627 873.409 20400662.37 3916149.610 873.452 0.005 −0.017 −0.043 GD3 20400661.901 3916149.416 873.373 20400661.92 3916149.393 873.419 0.024 −0.023 −0.046
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