Influence of mining ground fissures development on seedling bank and seedling establishment factors in semi-arid mining area
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摘要:
半干旱矿区煤炭井工开采引起的地表塌陷，造成水土流失强度增加以及植被生境损害等一系列生态干扰，其中采动地裂缝发育对坡面幼苗库特征及建植的影响仍有待深入研究。本文首先探明了榆神府矿区距采动地裂缝不同距离（0～1 m、1～2 m和2～5 m）幼苗库密度、组成和多样性特征，再结合土壤因子、地上植被群落及枯落物特征揭示裂缝发育造成影响幼苗建植的环境因子在空间上的差异性，最后采用物种相似性模型探究了裂缝发育区幼苗库对地上植被自然更新的影响。结果表明：①在未有裂缝发育的对照区，幼苗库组成以多年生草本为主（占比57%），裂缝发育后距地裂缝0～1 m和1～2 m范围，多年生草本比例分别下降至30%和35%，但一年生草本占比较对照区分别增加了28%和25%；与对照区相比0～1 m和1～2 m幼苗密度分别显著增加了92%和68%，幼苗库Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson优势度指数分别增加了42%和24%、62%和40%、33%和18%，但Pielou均匀度相较于对照区分别降低了55%和38%；而距裂缝2～5 m范围，幼苗库生活型组成、密度和多样性与对照区已无显著性差异，因此裂缝发育对幼苗库特征影响范围在2 m范围之内。②地表裂缝发育后，距地裂缝0～1 m和1～2 m范围影响裂缝幼苗建植的相同因子包括土壤含水量、土壤有机质含量和枯落物厚度，但0～1 m范围除上述影响因子外还包括枯落物盖度、土壤结皮盖度与厚度、地上植被盖度与生物量等因子；随着距裂缝距离增加，距裂缝2～5 m范围限制幼苗建植的关键因子减少且与对照区相似，主要包括土壤含水量、地上植被盖度和枯落物盖度。③距地裂缝0～1 m和1～2 m以一年生为主的幼苗库物种组成与以多年生为主的地上植被物种相似性较低仅为0.42和0.48，加之一年生植物对植物群落演替促进能力较弱，因此可以得出受裂缝干扰较大的0～2 m范围幼苗库对植被群落恢复贡献有限，故该范围生态恢复中应在自然恢复的基础上，适当考虑人工植被建设以促进矿区塌陷地植被恢复进程，提高该区植被群落多样性和稳定性。随水平距离的增大，距裂缝2～5 m范围和对照区幼苗库与地上植被物种组成相似性接近，分别为0.67和0.68，表明裂缝发育后2～5 m范围植物群落恢复潜力并未受到影响，通过自然更新即可保证该区植被恢复。
Abstract:In semi-arid areas, underground coal mining could cause ecological and environmental problems such as surface subsidence, which can increase soil erosion intensity and damage vegetation habitats. In these ecological damages, the effect of mining ground fissures development on the seedling banks still needs to be studied further for its important role in plant restoration. In this study, the density, composition, and diversity characteristics of seedling banks were clarified at different horizontal distances (0-1 m, 1-2 m, and 2-5 m) from the mining ground fissuresin the Yushenfu mining area. Then the spatial variability of driving factors affecting seedling establishment were explored by combining soil factors, aboveground vegetation communities and litters characterization. Finally, the species similarity model was used to explore the effects of seedling banks on the natural vegetation regeneration in different areas from the ground fissures. The results showed that: ① In the control site without fissures development, the composition of the seedling bank was dominated by perennial grasses (57%), but after fissures development, the proportion of perennial herbs decreased to 30% and 35% in the 0-1 m and 1-2 m area from the fissures, respectively. Compared with the control sites, the seedling density increased significantly by 92% and 68% in 0-1 m and 1-2 m area, the Margalef richness index, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, and Simpson dominance index of the seedling bank increased by 42% and 24%, 62% and 40%, and 33% and 18%, but Pielou evenness index was reduced by 55% and 38%, respectively. However, there were no significant differences in the composition, density and diversity of seedling bank in 2-5 m area from the ground fissures compared to the control area. Therefore, the impact of ground fissures development on the characteristics of the seedling bank was within the range of 2 meters. ② After the development of ground fissures, the same factors affected seedling establishment were soil moisture content, soil organic matter content and litter thickness in the 0-1 m and 1-2 m areas from the ground fissures. In addition to the above factors, seedling establishing factors in 0-1 m area also included litter cover, soil crust cover and thickness, aboveground vegetation cover and biomass. With increasing distance from ground fissures, the key factors limiting seedling establishment were reduced in the 2-5 m area, and were similar to those in the control area, which included soil moisture content, aboveground vegetation cover, and litter cover. ③ In 0-1 m and1-2 m areas from ground fissures, the annual herbaceous species composition were less similar to that of above-ground vegetation species which dominated by the perennial herbs, the species similarity is only 0.42 and 0.48, respectively. Considering the weak contribution of annuals to plant community succession, it can be concluded that the contribution of the seedling bank is limited for vegetation restoration with in the 0-2 m areas from the ground fissures which is greatly disturbed by the fissure. In the 2-5 m area and control area, the species similarity between the seedling bank and aboveground vegetation was 0.67 and 0.68, which indicate that the recovery potential of the vegetation community is not affected by the development of ground fissures in this area.
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图 3 距采动地裂缝不同距离幼苗库密度特征
Figure 3. Seedling bank density characteristics at different distances from mining ground fissure
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图 4 距采动地裂缝不同距离幼苗库生活型组成特征
Figure 4. Characteristics of life-form composition of seedling bank at different distances from mining ground fissure
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图 5 距采动地裂缝不同距离幼苗库多样性特征
Figure 5. Diversity characteristics of seedling bank at different distances from mining ground fissure
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图 6 距采动地裂缝不同距离幼苗库与环境因子CCA排序图
红色箭头代表环境因子，蓝色三角形代表幼苗物种分布注: 物种名称：A1—牻牛儿苗Erodium stephanianum；A2—草木樨Melilotus suaveolens；A3—兴安胡枝子Lespedeza davurica；A4—猪毛蒿Artemisia scoparia；A5—獐牙菜Swertia bimaculata；A6—苦荬菜Ixeris polycephala；A7—地锦Parthenocissus tricuspidata；A8—拐轴鸦葱Lipschitzia divaricata；A9—阿尔泰狗娃花Aster altaicus；A10—茵陈蒿Artemisia capillaris；A11—远志Polygala tenuifolia；A12—长芒草Stipa bungeana；A13—猪毛菜Salsola collina；A14—蒙古蒿Artemisia mongolica；A15—糙叶黄芪Astragalus scaberrimus；A16—乳浆大戟Euphorbia esula；A17—斜茎黄芪Astragalus laxmannii；A18—狗尾草Setaria viridis；A19—华北白前Vincetoxicum mongolicum；A20—柠条Caragana korshinskii；A21—二色补血草Limonium bicolor；A22—朝阳隐子草Cleistogenes hackelii；A23—茭蒿Artemisia giraldii；A24—狭叶米口袋Gueldenstaedtia stenophylla；A25—赖草Leymus secalinus；A26—野胡萝卜Daucus carota；A27—野葱Allium chrysanthum；A28—紫筒草Stenosolenium saxatile；A29—苦苣菜Sonchus oleraceus；A30—芦苇Phragmites australis；A31—棘豆Oxytropis glabra；A32—苜蓿Medicago sativa；A33—百里香Thymus mongolicus；A34—异叶败酱Patrinia heterophylla；A35—北京隐子草Cleistogenes hancei；A36—青蒿Artemisia caruifolia；A37—白莲蒿 Artemisia stechmanniana.环境因子：AVEC—地上植被盖度；AVEB—地上植被生物量；SCC—土壤结皮盖度；SCT—土壤结皮厚度；LLC—枯落物层盖度；LLT—枯落层厚度；LLB—枯落物层生物量；SOM—土壤有机质；SM—土壤含水量；AK—土壤速效钾；AP—土壤速效磷；AN—土壤速效氮；BD—土壤容重。下同
Figure 6. CCA of seedling bank and environmental factors at different distances from mining ground fissure
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图 7 距采动地裂缝不同距离环境因子与幼苗库之间相关热图
Figure 7. Heat map of correlation between environmental factors and seedling bank at different distances
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图 8 距采动地裂缝不同距离幼苗库与地上植被物种组成集合图
注：Ⅰ—幼苗库和地上植被总物种数；Ⅱ—距采动地裂缝水平距离1～2 m处地上植被所特有物种数为2；Ⅲ—距采动地裂缝不同距离以及对照区幼苗库和地上植被之间物种交集数量；S—幼苗库；V—地上植被
Figure 8. Collection of seedling bank and aboveground vegetation species composition at different distances from mining ground fissure
表 1 距采动地裂缝不同距离地上植被及环境因子特征
Table 1 Characteristics of aboveground vegetation and environmental factors at different distances from the mining ground fissure
距地裂缝距离 AVED/ (株·m−2) AVEC/% AVEB/(g·m−2) SCC/% SCT/cm LLC/% LLT/cm LLB/(g·m−2) 0～1 m 91.87±9.54a 26.00±3.21c 67.86±9.52c 27.00±2.82a 0.31±0.02a 20.81±3.26a 0.77±0.16a 101.63±18.75ab 1～2 m 98.34±6.78a 32.14±3.09bc 80.57±9.83b 12.18±2.47a 0.28±0.02a 18.71±3.73a 0.78±0.10a 82.35±9.91b 2～5 m 62.51±7.22b 46.20±6.60ab 92.25±7.83b 20.10±4.54a 0.18±0.03a 25.60±2.22a 0.51±0.10a 131.73±28.18ab 对照区 64.11±11.33b 52.77±7.31a 119.82±8.03a 17.89±2.30a 0.13±0.02b 27.22±7.18a 0.45±0.03a 163.90±19.01a 注：AVED: 地上植被密度；AVEC: 地上植被盖度；AVEB: 地上植被生物量；SCC: 土壤结皮盖度；SCT: 土壤结皮厚度；LLC:枯落物层盖度；LLT:枯落层厚度；LLB:枯落物层生物量；CK:对照区；表中数据均采用平均值±标准差；不同小写字母表示同一测定指标下，距采动地裂缝不同水平距离地上植被及环境因子差异显著（P < 0.05），下同。 
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表 2 距采动地裂缝不同距离土壤理化性质特征
Table 2 Physicochemical characteristics of soil at different distances from mining ground fissure
距地裂缝距离 有机质含量/(g·kg−1) 土壤含水量/% 速效钾含量/(mg·kg−1) 速效磷含量/(mg·kg−1) 速效氮 (mg·kg−1) 容重/(g·cm−3) 0～1 m 1.14±0.11b 8.33±0.79b 127.69±7.69c 0.65±0.11b 30.71±2.55b 1.09±0.05b 1～2 m 1.49±0.10b 9.09±0.42a 113.56±5.13c 0.37±0.02c 38.89±2.52a 1.23±0.06b 2～5 m 2.38±0.11a 9.72±0.39a 157.93±3.87b 1.17±0.10a 39.18±2.92a 1.37±0.03a 对照区 2.68±0.24a 9.34±0.26a 178.50±4.43a 1.19±0.06a 33.49±1.56a 1.23±0.02a
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表 3 生态环境因子解释的重要性排序和显著性检验
Table 3 Importance ranking and significance test of ecological environment factor explanation
因子 SCC AVEC LLC AVEB SM SOM 距地裂缝0～1 m 解释度% 25.9 19 19.1 21 12.6 0.9 伪F值 4.2 3.8 5.3 12.6 42.7 4.4 P 0.002 0.012 0.008 0.002 0.002 0.016 因子 SM LLT LLC AVEB SOM LLB 距地裂缝1～2 m 解释度% 31.5 27.4 9.8 7.5 6.6 6.1 伪F值 4.1 5.3 2.2 1.9 1.9 2.2 P 0.008 0.002 0.06 0.134 0.168 0.138 因子 SM SCT AVEC AVEB LLC SCC 距地裂缝2～5 m 解释度% 22.9 14.3 13.3 10.7 9.6 8.4 伪F值 2.4 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.2 P 0.03 0.116 0.046 0.354 0.386 0.384 因子 LLC SCT AVEC SCC SOM AVEB 对照区 解释度% 19.9 20.4 17.3 16.5 12.2 8.1 伪F值 1.7 2.1 2 2.5 2.7 2.9 P 0.028 0.036 0.048 0.062 0.052 0.098
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表 4 幼苗库与地上植被物种相似性
Table 4 Species similarity between seedling bank and aboveground vegetation
植被类型 幼苗库 地上植被 水平距离 对照区 水平距离 对照区 0～1 m 1～2 m 2～5 m 0～1 m 1～2 m 2～5 m 幼苗库 0～1 m 1 1～2 m 0.71 1 2～5 m 0.57 0.75 1 对照区 0.53 0.59 0.82 1 地上植被 0～1 m 0.42 0.53 0.69 0.62 1 1～2 m 0.38 0.48 0.59 0.64 0.69 1 2～5 m 0.37 0.53 0.67 0.57 0.56 0.7 1 对照区 0.33 0.44 0.59 0.68 0.65 0.73 0.76 1
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