Surface deformation law of mining under thick loose layer and thin bedrock: taking the southern Shandong Mining Area as an example
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摘要:
我国东部厚松散层薄基岩矿区开采地表沉陷普遍具有下沉量大、移动范围广、稳沉时间长等特征。本文以鲁南矿区某煤矿为例，探讨了不同松散层与基岩厚度比条件下煤层开采的地表变形参数变化规律，在现场实测的基础上，采用FLAC3D数值模拟技术，建立不同松基比（0.25～5.00）条件下煤层开采的地表变形计算模型，研究了地表变形特征，分析了松基比对概率积分法参数的影响，并从开采沉陷的角度对厚松散层薄基岩条件进行了定量分析与探讨。研究表明：①在开采厚度相同条件下，当松基比不断增大时，地表变形量呈明显的先增大后减小特征，在松基比达到某一限值后，地表变形趋于稳定；②下沉系数、水平移动系数和主要影响角正切均随着松基比增大表现为先增大后减小的关系，松基比拐点分别为1.75、1.25和1.25；③松散层厚度在平均采深中所占的比例对移动角、边界角具有较大的影响，边界角、移动角随着松基比的增大逐渐减小。基于上述研究，提出将松基比为1.25～1.75作为厚松散层薄基岩条件的临界值，为我国东部典型厚松散层薄基岩矿区地表变形预计和开采沉陷灾害防控提供了理论基础。
Abstract:The surface subsidence in the thick loose layer and thin bedrock mining area in the east of China has the characteristics of large subsidence value, wide movement range and long settling time. Taking a coal mine in Southern Shandong Mining Area as an example,this paper discusses the variation rules of coal seam mining surface deformation parameters under different loose layer and bedrock thickness ratio conditions, on the basis of field measurements, using FLAC3D, and establishes a surface deformation calculation model for coal seam mining under the conditions of different loose layer bedrock thickness ratios (0.25−5.00), studies the characteristics of surface deformation, analyzed the influence of ratio of loose layer thickness to bedrock thickness on the parameters of probability integral method, and quantitatively analyzed and discussed the conditions of thick loose layer and thin bedrock from the perspective of mining subsidence. Research shows: ①Under the same mining thickness conditions,when the ratio of loose layer thickness to bedrock thickness increases, the surface deformation amount obviously increases first and then decrease, when the ratio reaches a certain limit, the ground surface deformation tends to be stabilized; ②The subsidence coefficient, the horizontal movement coefficient and the tangent of the main influence angle all increase first and then decreases, and the inflection point is 1.75,1.25 and 1.25, respectively; ③The proportion of loose bed thickness in the average mining depth has great influence on the angle of draw and boundary angle. The boundary angle and the angle of draw gradually decrease with the increase of the ratio. Based on the above research, it is proposed that the ratio of 1.25−1.75 is the critical value for the condition of thick loose bedding and thin bedrock, which provides a theoretical basis and technical reference for the prediction of surface deformation and the prevention and control of mining subsidence disasters in typical thick loose layer thin bedrock mining areas in eastern China.
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图 9 不同松基比地表下沉曲线
Figure 9. Surface subsidence curves with different pine-to-basis ratio
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图 10 不同松基比地表水平移动曲线
Figure 10. Surface horizontal movement curves with different loose-to-base ratios
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图 11 下沉系数与松基比相关关系
Figure 11. Correlation between subsidence coefficient and loose-to-base ratio
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图 12 水平移动系数与松基比相关关系
Figure 12. Correlation between horizontal movement coefficient and loose-to-basic ratio
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图 13 松基比与主要影响角正切相关关系
Figure 13. Correlation between loose basis ratio and main influence angle tangent
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图 14 实测与模拟结果对比
Figure 14. Comparison between the actual measurement and simulation results
表 1 煤岩体物理力学参数
Table 1 Physical and mechanical parameters of coal and rock mass
岩层 厚度/m 密度/(kg·m−3) 体积模量/GPa 剪切模量/GPa 黏聚力/MPa 抗拉强度/MPa 内摩擦角/(°) 松散层 638 2 000 0.057 0.65 0.12 0.02 18 中砂岩 28 2 750 9.35 2.30 3.52 2.60 30 4-细砂岩 26 2 250 9.26 2.25 3.50 2.50 28 4-泥岩 36 2 500 9.48 1.10 3.50 3.10 38 3-细砂岩 26 2 250 9.42 2.23 2.25 2.00 30 3-泥岩 15 2 450 9.20 1.60 2.60 3.30 30 2-细砂岩 29 2 270 9.58 2.50 2.50 2.20 32 2-泥岩 66 2 400 9.40 1.00 1.20 3.50 36 1-细砂岩 17 2 300 9.24 2.23 2.13 8.00 30 1-粉砂岩 19 2 300 9.12 2.30 2.25 9.10 30 煤 3 1 500 0.46 0.87 2.00 2.00 25 1-泥岩 36 2 400 9.16 2.12 1.25 2.50 37 粉砂岩 17 2 300 9.32 2.10 2.60 2.40 32 
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表 2 模拟不同松基比的地表变形参数
Table 2 Surface deformation parameters for different pine-to-basic ratios
序号 松基比K 下沉系
数q水平移动
系数b主要影响角
正切tan β边界角
δ0/(°)移动角
δ0/(°)1 0.25 1.079 0.46 1.17 58.3 85.9 2 0.50 1.100 0.53 1.35 57.9 81.8 3 0.75 1.143 0.54 1.36 57.3 81.2 4 1.00 1.169 0.55 1.38 57.0 80.1 5 1.25 1.183 0.56 1.41 55.4 77.2 6 1.50 1.190 0.52 1.24 55.2 76.9 7 1.75 1.203 0.50 1.16 55.0 76.7 8 2.00 1.189 0.48 1.16 54.9 76.6 9 2.50 1.189 0.47 1.13 54.8 76.3 10 3.00 1.188 0.47 1.08 53.8 76.1 11 3.50 1.188 0.46 1.06 53.0 75.8 12 4.00 1.187 0.46 1.04 52.2 75.7 13 4.50 1.187 0.46 1.02 51.7 75.5 14 5.00 1.184 0.46 1.01 51.2 75.5
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表 3 不同矿区工作面地质采矿条件与地表移动参数
Table 3 Geological mining conditions and surface movement parameters of working faces in different mining areas
工作面 煤层厚度/m 采深/m 松散层厚度/m 基岩厚度/m 松基比K 下沉系数q 水平移动系数b 主要影响角正切tan β 刘桥二矿610 2.95 419 140 279 0.5 0.96 0.44 1.45 张庄矿3131-1 2.7 96 48 48 1.0 1.05 0.47 1.43 淮南某矿1215 3.08 642 385 257 1.5 1.13 0.56 1.62 兖州鲍店煤矿5304-1 2.9 289 190 99 2.0 1.35 0.41 1.60 山东郭屯煤矿1308 3 765 582 183 3.0 1.09 0.38 1.35
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