Differences between reverse and normal shear in failure characteristics of layered rocks
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摘要:
层状岩石层理效应的研究对深部岩体稳定性分析具有重要意义，而天然层状岩石逆倾向与顺倾向剪切力学行为差异性仍认识不清。为此，开展了0°≤ψ≤180°（ψ为剪切面顺时针旋转至层理面的滑动倾向角）的页岩全角度剪切试验，详细地研究了逆倾向与顺倾向下剪切力学特性和破坏模式的差异性，并结合离散元模拟进行了补充分析与验证。研究结果表明：顺层面剪切时抗剪强度取得最小值，ψ=30°时取得最大值，90°与135°时取得局部极大值，逆倾向抗剪强度相对更高，ψ>30°时随滑动倾向角增加抗剪强度总体呈减小趋势；根据不同滑动倾向角下剪切力学行为的差异性，按滑动倾向角将层状岩石分为三组，即层面张拉与基质剪切组（15°～60°）、基质剪切组（75°～120°）、基质与层面剪切组（135°～180°）；基质剪切组在剪切应力−位移曲线峰前均存在应力降现象，层面张拉与基质剪切组在峰后呈“阶梯”状应力降低；张拉破坏与剪切破坏同时存在且以剪切破坏为主；顺层面剪切时层面的剪切裂纹数目占优，ψ=90°时基质体的剪切裂纹数目最多，ψ=30°时层面的张拉裂纹数目最多，其次是基质体的剪切裂纹，ψ=150°时以层面、基质体的剪切裂纹为主。研究揭示了层状岩石逆倾向与顺倾向剪切的各向异性特征及差异性根源，可为各向异性力学模型完善、灾变机制及围岩稳定性分析提供科学依据。
Abstract:The study of the bedding plane effect has important implications for stability analysis of deep rock masses. However, the differences in shear mechanical behavior between natural layered rocks under reverse and normal dip conditions are still not well understood. For this , a full-angle shear test of shale with 0°≤ψ≤180° (ψis the bedding plane inclination angle, defined as the angle of clockwise rotation from the shear surface to the laminar surface) was carried out. The shear mechanical properties and differences in failure modes of shale under different bedding plane inclination angles were extensively analyzed. Additionally, the analysis results were supplemented and verified with discrete element simulations. The results are as follows. Firstly, the minimum shear strength is achieved when shearing parallel to the bedding plane. The strength reaches a maximum atψ=30° and local peaks at 90° and 135°. The shear strength is relatively higher when shearing in the reverse direction. Forψ>30°, the shear strength generally decreases withψ. Secondly, according to the differences in the shear mechanical behavior under variousψ, the layered rocks are divided into three groups: bedding tension and matrix shear group (ψ=15°-60°), matrix shear group (ψ=75°-120°), matrix and bedding shear group (135°-180°). Thirdly, In the pre-peak stage, stress drop phenomenon only exists in the matrix shear group. In the post-peak stage, stress drops in a “step-like” manner for bedding tension and matrix shear group. Fourthly, tension and shear failures coexist, with shear failure being predominant. Lastly, the number of shear cracks of layer is dominant when shearing parallel to the bedding plane. The number of shear cracks in the matrix is the highest at 90°. Atψ= 30°, the maximum number of tensile cracks is observed in the bedding plane, followed by shear cracks in the matrix. The shear cracks are mainly observed in the bedding and matrix atψ= 150°. The study reveals the anisotropic characteristics and differences in reverse and normal dip shear of layered rocks. The results provide a scientific basis for improving anisotropic mechanical models and analyzing disaster mechanisms and surrounding rock stability.
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Keywords:
- layered rock /
- anisotropy /
- mechanical character /
- failure mode /
- discrete element
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图 1 标准页岩试样及滑动倾向角定义
Figure 1. Standard shale specimen and sliding tendency angle definition
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图 3 抗剪强度随滑动倾向角演化规律
Figure 3. Distribution of shear strength with sliding tendency angle
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图 4 法向应力10 MPa时剪切应力−剪切位移曲线
Figure 4. Shear stress-shear displacement curve at 10 MPa normal stress
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图 5 不同法向应力下法向位移—剪切位移曲线
Figure 5. Normal displacement-shear displacement curves under different normal stresses
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图 7 不同剪切方向下各类裂纹数量随剪切位移的演化规律
Figure 7. Evolution of number of various types of cracks with shear displacement under different shear directions
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图 9 不同剪切方向下破坏形态对比
Figure 9. Comparison of damage patterns under different shear directions
表 1 层面张拉与基质剪切组破坏形态与破坏模式
Table 1 Damage morphology and damage pattern of layer tension and matrix shear group
条件 ψ = 15° ψ = 30° ψ = 45° ψ = 60° 法向 
应力 10 MPa 法向 
应力 20 MPa 破坏模式 垂直层面的张拉与基质的剪切破坏 
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表 2 基质剪切组破坏形态与破坏模式
Table 2 Damage morphology and damage pattern of matrix shear group
条件 ψ = 75° ψ = 90° ψ = 105° ψ = 120° 法向 
应力 10 MPa 法向 
应力 20 MPa 破坏模式 斜穿层理面基质的剪切破坏
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表 3 基质与层面剪切组破坏形态与破坏模式
Table 3 Damage morphology and damage pattern of shear group of matrix and layer
条件 ψ = 135° ψ = 150° ψ = 165° ψ = 180° 法向 
应力 10 MPa 法向 
应力 20 MPa 破坏模式 基质与层理面的剪切破坏
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表 4 颗粒接触参数
Table 4 Particle contact parameters
滑动倾向
角/(°)基质有效
模量/Pa基质刚度比 基质黏聚
力/Pa基质拉伸
强度/Pa层理法向
刚度/（Pa·m−1）层理切向
刚度/（Pa·m−1）层理黏聚
力/Pa层理拉伸
强度/Pa0 1.90×109 1.65 4.30×107 0.82×108 4.20×1012 2.50×1012 3.30×107 4.00×107 30 4.00×109 1.65 5.30×107 1.50×108 4.50×1012 2.70×1012 6.30×107 3.30×107 90 2.00×109 1.65 4.20×107 1.50×108 3.50×1012 2.00×1012 3.50×107 2.60×107 150 3.00×109 1.65 3.90×107 1.40×108 3.00×1012 1.50×1012 2.80×107 3.10×107
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